Empirical Mathematical Rules concerning the Distribution and Equilibrium of Population

Stewart, John Q.

doi:10.2307/211132

Cited by 257 publications

(92 citation statements)

References 0 publications

Supporting

Mentioning

Contrasting

Unclassified

Order By: Relevance

“…Over time, as societies scaled up, the populations of some central places became the first cities, increasing in density, wealth, inequality, social organization, cultural accumulation, and importance in focusing and guiding subsistence exchange processes across regions (von Thu¨nen and Schumacher-Zarchlin 1875, Christaller 1933, Stewart 1947, Redman 1999, M. E. Smith 2004, Barbier 2010, Therborn 2011, Verburg et al 2011, Rivers et al 2013, Ortman et al 2014, M. L. Smith 2014, Ortman et al 2015. The density of cities in itself provides advantages through the economies of scale, increasing opportunities for wealth creation, cultural innovation, and social connectivity, while at the same time increasing demands for energy to sustain this concentration of resources and increasing potential for disease (Redman 1999, Bettencourt 2013, Ortman et al 2014.…”

Section: Social Upscaling Centrality and Urbanizationmentioning

confidence: 99%

Ecology in an anthropogenic biosphere

Ellis

2015

Ecological Monographs

486

510

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

Abstract. Humans, unlike any other multicellular species in Earth's history, have emerged as a global force that is transforming the ecology of an entire planet. It is no longer possible to understand, predict, or successfully manage ecological pattern, process, or change without understanding why and how humans reshape these over the long term. Here, a general causal theory is presented to explain why human societies gained the capacity to globally alter the patterns, processes, and dynamics of ecology and how these anthropogenic alterations unfold over time and space as societies themselves change over human generational time. Building on existing theories of ecosystem engineering, niche construction, inclusive inheritance, cultural evolution, ultrasociality, and social change, this theory of anthroecological change holds that sociocultural evolution of subsistence regimes based on ecosystem engineering, social specialization, and non-kin exchange, or ''sociocultural niche construction,'' is the main cause of both the long-term upscaling of human societies and their unprecedented transformation of the biosphere. Human sociocultural niche construction can explain, where classic ecological theory cannot, the sustained transformative effects of human societies on biogeography, ecological succession, ecosystem processes, and the ecological patterns and processes of landscapes, biomes, and the biosphere. Anthroecology theory generates empirically testable hypotheses on the forms and trajectories of long-term anthropogenic ecological change that have significant theoretical and practical implications across the subdisciplines of ecology and conservation. Though still at an early stage of development, anthroecology theory aligns with and integrates established theoretical frameworks including social-ecological systems, social metabolism, countryside biogeography, novel ecosystems, and anthromes. The ''fluxes of nature'' are fast becoming ''cultures of nature.'' To investigate, understand, and address the ultimate causes of anthropogenic ecological change, not just the consequences, human sociocultural processes must become as much a part of ecological theory and practice as biological and geophysical processes are now. Strategies for achieving this goal and for advancing ecological science and conservation in an increasingly anthropogenic biosphere are presented.

show abstract

Section: Social Upscaling Centrality and Urbanizationmentioning

confidence: 99%

Ecology in an anthropogenic biosphere

Ellis

2015

Ecological Monographs

486

510

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

show abstract

“…On the basis of literature survey one can identify fi ve groups of methods: -infrastructure-based accessibility measure-the regional infrastructure equipment is evaluated by its quantity and quality and the level of congestion; this approach is relatively widely used in national transport policy plans; however, it fails to recognize the destinations located far away from the region, -distance-based accessibility measure (travel-cost accessibility)-distance, time or cost of travel where the activity is sought (a single destination or a set of destinations), e.g., the average or total travel time between given origin and destination points in the network (cities with the population over 500 thousand inhabitants, etc. ), -isochronic-based accessibility measure (daily accessibility)-assessment of set of destinations available in particular travel distance, time or cost from the origin, e.g., the use of isochrones (lines of equal travel distance, time or cost) for measurement of accessibility to activities in a 15,30,45,60 minutes time from the place of origin, -potential-based (gravity-based) accessibility measure-the most popular one; accessibility is measured by the number of activities (opportunities) which can be reached in a certain distance, time or effort weighted by the travel distance, time or effort to do so; the concept of potential has been introduced by the social physics school and was applied by Stewart (1947) in a study on population distribution and devised by Hansen (1959) in the context of accessibility to opportunities; the concept of potential of interactions between the origin and the set of destinations is widely used (also in IGSO PAS) and the potential analysis has spawned a number of different approaches and models, -person-based accessibility measure-analyzing accessibility at the individual level; this package of measures is founded in the space-time geography and includes spacetime-geography-based and utility-based accessibility measures; the models take into account the individual behaviour of the transport network user and focus on the person's ability to contribute in activities through space and time; person-based accessibility measure, although mathematically advanced and commonly used in the western countries at the micro level (e.g. in metropolitan areas), are not suitable for using at the national level due to the lack of data; for that reason, we use in the IGSO PAS fi rst four measures which are easier to calculate and give the possibility to evaluate the ease of reaching the destinations in a certain distance, time or cost; in our models we use travel time in the distance-decay function.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

How can we measure spatial accessibility of the territory of Poland?

Komornicki¹,

Rosik²,

Śleszyński³

et al. 2010

Eur. XXI

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

Abstract. Accessibility is widely used term and plays an important role in many scientifi c fi elds. It determines the advantage of one location over the other. Although there are different measures and number of studies on accessibility in the world literature, there are relatively few so far in Poland at the national level. The purpose of this article is to present some results of ongoing research that have been carried out at the IGSO PAS in 2007 and 2008. The projects led to development of methods of calculating time accessibility and the multimodal potential accessibility indicator of the area of Poland. The time accessibility is measured by using the isochronic-based and distance-based accessibility measures. The multimodal potential accessibility indicator is meant to be utilized, for evaluating the possible effects of construction and modernization of the transport network that are envisaged in the EU supported operational programs. The measure may be calculated separately for carriage of goods and passengers, the 16 voivodships (provinces of Poland) and four modes of transport (road, railways, inland waterways and air).

show abstract

“…Our first two regressors are derived from spatial interaction principles. Following the definition of population potentials (Fotheringham & O'Kelly, 1989;Stewart, 1947) we define for each region i the opportunity for moving out of the region (O i ) and then its relative attractiveness (A i ). Both derive from populations (P i , P j ) and interregional Euclidean distances (d ij ).…”

Section: Border Vs Spatial Interaction Effectsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Assessing geographical effects in spatial diffusion processes: The case of euro coins

Texier

Caruso

2017

Computers, Environment and Urban Systems

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

International audienceWe examine how geographical structures impact diffusion processes within a regional system. From the example of euro coin diffusion across countries, we show how the relative position and population endowment of regions impact our understanding of interregional mobility, beyond simple spatial interaction effects. The mix of coins of different origins is a complex but unique trace of the movement of individuals within a common currency area, potentially revealing a new facet of European integration. We simulate an individual-based dynamic model where agents move and exchange coins across regions. We analyse the convergence towards a homogeneous mix of coins through time for a series of different theoretical spatial systems. This sensitivity analysis demonstrates the impact of the regularity and aggregation levels, or centrality/periphery effects, on spatial diffusion dynamics. We then calibrate the model against empirical data for the regions of 5 European countries and provide estimates of mobility rates, distance decay and population attractiveness factors, affecting the diffusion of coins, hence international movements and European integration

show abstract

Empirical Mathematical Rules concerning the Distribution and Equilibrium of Population

Cited by 257 publications

References 0 publications

Ecology in an anthropogenic biosphere

Ecology in an anthropogenic biosphere

How can we measure spatial accessibility of the territory of Poland?

Assessing geographical effects in spatial diffusion processes: The case of euro coins

Contact Info

Product

Resources

About