Empirical model of global thermospheric temperature and composition based on data from the Ogo 6 quadrupole mass spectrometer

Hedin, A. E.; Mayr, H. G.; Reber, C. A.; Spencer, N. W.; Carignan, G. R.

doi:10.1029/ja079i001p00215

Cited by 231 publications

(77 citation statements)

References 14 publications

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“…Global properties in the distribution of composition and temperature, inferred from these measurements, were reported by Reber et al (1971), Taeusch et al (1971), , Carignan and Reber (1971), Hedin et al ( , 1973aHedin et al ( , 1973b), .…”

Section: Empirical Modelmentioning

confidence: 87%

“…Global characteristics in the diurnal components of OGO-6 neutral mass spectrometer measurements (Carignan and Pinkus, 1968) near 450 km, which have been described empirically in analytic form (Hedin et al 1973b), are discussed qualitatively as well as quantitatively on the basis of a theoretical model ).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…A detailed account of the statistical analysis for the empirical model of the OGO-6 mass spectrometer data is given in a separate paper (Hedin et al, 1973b). Our discussion will be based on the local time components in this OGO-6 model; thus a brief review of its properties is given here:…”

Section: Empirical Modelmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Global characteristics in the diurnal variations of the thermospheric temperature and composition

Mayr¹,

Hedin²,

Reber³

et al. 1974

J. Geophys. Res.

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Global characteristics in the diurnal components of Ogo 6 neutral mass spectrometer measurements near 450 km are discussed qualitatively as well as quantitatively on the basis of a theoretical model. Observations and conclusions are summarized: (1) during equinox the temperature maximum occurs after 1600 LT at the equator and shifts toward 1500 LT at the poles, whereas the oxygen concentration at 450 km peaks about 1 h earlier (this observed phase difference is attributed primarily to wind‐induced diffusion, which is most effective for the mass density near 250 km and thus can contribute considerably to the temperature‐density phase anomaly in the thermosphere); (2) there is general agreement between the magnitudes and the phases of the diurnal, semidiurnal, and terdiurnal temperature components at 450 km from theory as well as from Ogo 6 and radar backscatter measurements; (3) the maximum in the diurnal variation of He is observed near 1030 LT consistent with theoretical results that further emphasize the importance of dynamics and diffusion; (4) during solstice conditions the diurnal temperature maximum shifts toward later local times in substantial agreement with radar temperature measurements; and (5) the temperature‐oxygen density phase difference at 450 km is observed to decrease with latitude from the winter toward the summer hemisphere, where oxygen may even peak after the temperature at high latitudes. This effect is attributed to the diurnal variation in the O2 dissociation, which becomes most significant in the summer hemisphere, where the dissociation rate is enhanced and where the atomic oxygen abundance in the lower thermosphere is significantly reduced, owing to the annual component in the large‐scale circulation.

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Section: Empirical Modelmentioning

confidence: 87%

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Global characteristics in the diurnal variations of the thermospheric temperature and composition

Mayr¹,

Hedin²,

Reber³

et al. 1974

J. Geophys. Res.

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“…were observed by Reber and Hedin (1974) by analyzing two years of neutral density measurements from j Ogo 6e The molecular nitrogen concentration near 450 km was found to increase, the helium density to decrease, and the atomic oxygen concentration to remain fairly stable in the region of"heating• These results appeared consistently during magnetically quiet periods, suggesting that the heating was a permanent feature of the neutral thermosphere. Corotation of this heat source with the geomagnetic ,pole indicated that some type of geomagnetic control was being exerted although no correlation with the cusp region could be found.…”

mentioning

confidence: 86%

“…"., over small regions of the thermosphere (Hedin and Reber, 1972;Reber and Hedin, 1974;Taeusch and Hinton, 1975;Nisbet and Glenar, 1977;Nisbet et al, 1978). Ina ; geographic coordinate system, these energy sources produce large longitude effects.…”

Section: 'mentioning

confidence: 99%

A global model of the neutral thermosphere in magnetic coordinates based on AE‐C data

Stehle¹,

Nisbet²,

Bleuler³

1983

J. Geophys. Res.

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Molecular nitrogen, atomic oxygen, and helium densities obtained from the AE‐C satellite are analyzed in magnetic latitude and magnetic local time coordinates and compared to OGO 6 data for various seasons and magnetic activity levels. A depletion region for atomic oxygen and helium with respect to molecular nitrogen at high magnetic latitudes in the postmidnight magnetic local time sector persists under both high and low solar activity conditions. A global model in magnetic coordinates, patterned after the mass spectrometer and incoherent scatter (MSIS) model, is developed for molecular nitrogen, atomic oxygen, and helium. It is shown to represent the data well, without any residual UT dependence, and with an accuracy comparable to that provided by the more complex MSIS model with longitude terms. The advantage of using magnetic coordinates is that they are more directly related to the major energy inputs and momentum sources in the polar regions than are geographic coordinates and are more convenient to use in studies of high latitude energy deposition processes. This is important for comparison with theoretical models where the number of coordinates is limited.

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A self‐consistent model of helium in the thermosphere

et al. 2015

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We have found that consideration of neutral helium as a major species leads to a more complete physics‐based modeling description of the Earth's upper thermosphere. An augmented version of the composition equation employed by the Thermosphere‐Ionosphere‐Electrodynamic General Circulation Model (TIE‐GCM) is presented, enabling the inclusion of helium as the fourth major neutral constituent. Exospheric transport acting above the upper boundary of the model is considered, further improving the local time and latitudinal distributions of helium. The new model successfully simulates a previously observed phenomenon known as the “winter helium bulge,” yielding behavior very similar to that of an empirical model based on mass spectrometer observations. This inclusion has direct consequence on the study of atmospheric drag for low‐Earth‐orbiting satellites, as well as potential implications on exospheric and topside ionospheric research.

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Empirical model of global thermospheric temperature and composition based on data from the Ogo 6 quadrupole mass spectrometer

Cited by 231 publications

References 14 publications

Global characteristics in the diurnal variations of the thermospheric temperature and composition

Global characteristics in the diurnal variations of the thermospheric temperature and composition

A global model of the neutral thermosphere in magnetic coordinates based on AE‐C data

A self‐consistent model of helium in the thermosphere

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