Empirical study of airport geofencing for unmanned aircraft operation based on flight track distribution

Zhang, Jianping; Zou, Xiang; Wu, Qinggang; Xie, Fangquan; Liu, Weidong

doi:10.1016/j.trc.2020.102881

Cited by 12 publications

(6 citation statements)

References 31 publications

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“…The fundamental problem addressed in this paper of ensuring extremely low collision probabilities has implications for conflict resolution measures [55,56], which apply both to manned and unmanned aircraft if operating in non-segregated airspace [57][58][59], as an alternative to geofencing [60]. Conflict resolution may be automated [61] if reliable trajectory information is available [62], which is not always the case, for example for aircraft collision with birds [63].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

On Probabilistic Risk of Aircraft Collision along Air Corridors

Campos

Marques

2021

Aerospace

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The separation of aircraft in cruising flight in air corridors is based on the assurance of an extremely low probability of collision due to position inaccuracy caused by navigation errors, atmospheric disturbances, or other factors. The appropriate standard is the International Civil Aviation Organization (ICAO) Target Level of Safety (TLS) of frequency of collision less than 5 × 10−9 per flight hour. An upper bound for the collision probability per unit distance is the probability of coincidence, in the case of aircraft flying at the same speed along parallel tracks in the same direction. This leads to the case of two aircraft flying at a constant separation, for which at least three probabilities of coincidence can be calculated: (i) the maximum probability of coincidence at the most likely point; (ii) the cumulative probability of coincidence integrated along the flight path; and (iii) the cumulative probability of coincidence integrated over all space. These three probabilities of coincidence are applied to the old standard and new reduced vertical separations of 2000 ft and 1000 ft respectively, for comparison with the ICAO TLS, and also to assess their suitability as safety metrics. The possibility is raised of complementing the ICAO TLS 5 × 10−9 per hour, which is suitable for the cumulative probability of collision, by two additional safety metrics: (i) one per hour flown squared, which is suitable for comparison with the maximum joint probability density of collision; and (ii) another times hour flown, for comparison with the three-dimensional cumulative probability of coincidence. These three metrics (i) to (iii) have distinct dimensions, give different information, and could be alternatives or supplements.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

On Probabilistic Risk of Aircraft Collision along Air Corridors

Campos

Marques

2021

Aerospace

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“…Most previous studies have considered models with simulations using straight flight lines, which are unrealistic in real settings. Both regulatory matters related to infrastructures such as airports and civil air space, geofencing, buildings, and hot-spots of future airspace may impact trajectories that alter both flight time and energy consumption [45][46][47]. This has obvious consequences for how flights should be planned and monitored, their costs, as well as their value with respect to time savings.…”

Section: Costsmentioning

confidence: 99%

A Conceptual Approach to Time Savings and Cost Competitiveness Assessments for Drone Transport of Biologic Samples with Unmanned Aerial Systems (Drones)

Johannessen

2022

Drones

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Unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs, drones) are expected to save transport time and improve service reliability for transport of biologic samples, but few studies have evaluated the potential time savings of such services. The total transport time defined as time from sample ready for transport until arrival at the laboratory was used to assess the absolute and relative time savings of drones compared with ground transport, using ground distances from 4–7 km (urban model) to 179–262 km (rural district routes) with one to eight daily scheduled trips. Costs of existing ground transport were allocated to drone flight times as a proxy for drone cost competitiveness. Time savings were less than 20–30% in the urban model but 65–74% in the rural routes using drone speeds of 100 km/h, but the time between trips (route frequencies) and drone speeds influenced the relative time savings substantially. Cost of time gains per number of samples was less favorable using drones in the rural models due to lower transport volumes. This research concludes that drone solutions provide marginal gains for short-distance transports, whereas time savings are more promising in long transport models with appropriate scheduling and sufficiently high drone speeds.

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“…Such risks need to be carefully managed to ensure the safe integration of drones (la Cour-Harbo 2018). Drone operations near airports pose unique risks because of the presence of low-flying aircraft (Zhang et al 2020a), which is why many regulatory authorities have responded with specific rules and regulations regarding operations near airports (Henderson et al 2019;Huttunen 2019). There are legitimate reasons to fly drones in close proximity to airports, such as inspections of infrastructure at or near the airport, wildlife management, or other operations in urban environments where international airports are usually collocated (McFadyen and Martin 2016;Egan et al 2017;Kim and Irizarry 2020).…”

Section: Introduction and Literature Reviewmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Such attacks have resulted in major flight delays, closures of runways, additional costs, and reputational damage for the airports involved (Lykou et al 2020;Zhang et al 2020b). This has led to increased research into the potential for counter-unmanned aircraft system (C-UAS) systems at major airports, such as geo-fencing (Zhang et al 2020a). However, it has been highlighted that there is no simple solution to the threat posed by rogue drone operators because of the complexity involved in combining multiple systems in order to detect, identify, and remove threats (O'Malley 2019).…”

Section: Introduction and Literature Reviewmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…However, it has been highlighted that there is no simple solution to the threat posed by rogue drone operators because of the complexity involved in combining multiple systems in order to detect, identify, and remove threats (O'Malley 2019). While there is a substantial body of literature on drone regulations to manage associated risks (Kapnik 2012;Hodgkinson and Johnston 2018;Du and Heldeweg 2019;Huang et al 2021), the literature on how airports are themselves managing any associated risks is limited and primarily focusses on C-UAS technologies, such as geo-fencing and detection systems (Burke 2019;Zhang et al 2020a). Airports are also becoming users of drones themselves for tasks such as runway inspections (Mackie and Lawrence 2019), yet the prevalence of this has also not been investigated.…”

Section: Introduction and Literature Reviewmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Examining public-facing statements on airport websites related to aerial drones

Razak

Henderson

2022

Drone Syst. Appl.

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This study examines the public-facing statements that can be found on airport websites related to unmanned aircraft (UA). Data was extracted via manual web scraping from 288 different airports’ official websites across 69 different countries. To be selected, airports had to be one of the 100 busiest airports in terms of passenger numbers in 2017, and/or be one of the IATA slot coordinated and facilitated airports as at 10 November 2020. Manual web scraping was completed by using Google site searches for the keywords “unmanned”, “drone”, and “remotely piloted”. Phrases, sentences and paragraphs containing these keywords were collated for each airport and then thematic analysis was undertaken to identify themes within the data. Surprisingly, this study finds that 143 (49.65%) of the airports have no mention of the keywords on their websites. For those that did have statements, thematic analysis revealed 20 themes, of which the largest three were regulation, ensuring compliance, and enforcement (38.54%, 29.17%, and 25.35% of airports, respectively). There were significant differences in the number of statements overall and within specific themes based upon airport location, however, there were no statistically significant differences based upon how many passengers the airport handles.

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Empirical study of airport geofencing for unmanned aircraft operation based on flight track distribution

Cited by 12 publications

References 31 publications

On Probabilistic Risk of Aircraft Collision along Air Corridors

On Probabilistic Risk of Aircraft Collision along Air Corridors

A Conceptual Approach to Time Savings and Cost Competitiveness Assessments for Drone Transport of Biologic Samples with Unmanned Aerial Systems (Drones)

Examining public-facing statements on airport websites related to aerial drones

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