Empirical Study of Router IPv6 Interface Address Distributions

Rohrer, Justin P.; LaFever, Blake; Beverly, Robert

doi:10.1109/mic.2016.52

Cited by 14 publications

(9 citation statements)

References 15 publications

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“…Rohrer et al uniformly sampled the IPv6 Internet in 2015 by tracerouting to an address in every /48 prefix that makes up the routed IPv6 address space [53]. Their study issued ten times as many traces as our work, yet found an order of magnitude fewer interfaces -demonstrating the necessity to perform finer-grained probing within some prefixes to discover extant subnetting and the routers supporting the subnets.…”

Section: Background and Related Workmentioning

confidence: 67%

“…Catalogs of active IPv6 addresses in the Internet, commonly known as hitlists, have been of interest to the measurement community over the last decade. Notable efforts leverage active (e.g., random probing of ::1 [11], exhaustive probing of ::1 address in each /48 in all advertised /32s [53], and reverse DNS zone walking [8,22]) and passive techniques (e.g., from BGP updates [18,34] and from traffic captures [17]) as well as a number of passive and active sources [25]. Similar to our effort, Gasser et al observe the propensity of IPv6 hitlists to contain clusters of addresses [26].…”

Section: Background and Related Workmentioning

confidence: 99%

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In the IP of the Beholder

Beverly

Durairajan²,

Plonka

et al. 2018

Proceedings of the Internet Measurement Conference 2018

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Existing methods for active topology discovery within the IPv6 Internet largely mirror those of IPv4. In light of the large and sparsely populated address space, in conjunction with aggressive ICMPv6 rate limiting by routers, this work develops a different approach to Internet-wide IPv6 topology mapping. We adopt randomized probing techniques in order to distribute probing load, minimize the effects of rate limiting, and probe at higher rates. Second, we extensively analyze the efficiency and efficacy of various IPv6 hitlists and target generation methods when used for topology discovery, and synthesize new target lists based on our empirical results to provide both breadth (coverage across networks) and depth (to find potential subnetting). Employing our probing strategy, we discover more than 1.3M IPv6 router interface addresses from a single vantage point. Finally, we share our prober implementation, synthesized target lists, and discovered IPv6 topology results.

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Section: Background and Related Workmentioning

confidence: 67%

Section: Background and Related Workmentioning

confidence: 99%

In the IP of the Beholder

Beverly

Durairajan²,

Plonka

et al. 2018

Proceedings of the Internet Measurement Conference 2018

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“…First, Yarrp currently only supports IPv4 probing. Given the vastly larger IPv6 address space, and relative topological sparsity [24], adding IPv6 support to Yarrp could enable more complete maps of the IPv6 topology to be gathered. While the streamlined IPv6 headers prevent direct application of Yarrp's IPv4 header encoding, the full packet quotation in ICMP6 permits more flexibility in recovering state and using different transport protocols.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Yarrp'ing the Internet

Beverly¹

2016

Proceedings of the 2016 Internet Measurement Conference

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Obtaining a "snapshot" of the Internet topology remains an elusive task. Existing active topology discovery techniques and production systems require significant probing timetime during which the underlying network may change or experience short-lived dynamics. In this work, we consider how active probing can gather the Internet topology in minutes rather than days. Conventional approaches to active topology mapping face two primary speed and scale impediments: i) per-trace state maintenance; and ii) a low-degree of parallelism. Based on this observation, we develop Yarrp (Yelling at Random Routers Progressively), a new traceroute technique designed for high-rate, Internet-scale probing. Yarrp is stateless, reconstituting all necessary information from ICMP replies as they arrive asynchronously. To avoid overloading routers or links with probe traffic, Yarrp randomly permutes an input IP ×T T L space. We run Yarrp at 100Kpps, a rate at which the paths to all /24's on the IPv4 Internet can be mapped in approximately one hour from a single vantage point. We compare Yarrp's topological recall and discovery rate against existing systems, and present some of the first results of topological dynamics exposed via the high sampling rates Yarrp enables.

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“…Since BGP routes are readily available from looking glasses, this scenario is easily replicated by anyone and models what CAIDA uses to inform their probing. In our experiments, we utilize publicly available BGP-informed seed traces collected as part of an August 2018 effort to uniformly probe every /48 in the IPv6 Internet [9,29]. Herein, we term this trace seed data as the BGP-informed seed.…”

Section: Edgy Inputmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Discovery of the IPv6 periphery is important not only to the completeness of network topology mapping, but provides a crucial supporting basis for many applications. For instance, IPv6 adoption [12,27,34], census [26], and reliability and outage studies [21] all depend in part on a complete and accurate map of the IPv6 topology inclusive of the periphery, while understanding provider address allocation policies and utilization also requires completeness [15,29]. Similarly, work on IPv4 to IPv6 network congruence [13,20] and IPv6 geolocation [5] can utilize IPv6 topologies.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Discovering the IPv6 Network Periphery

Rye

Beverly

2020

Lecture Notes in Computer Science

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We consider the problem of discovering the IPv6 network periphery, i.e., the last hop router connecting endhosts in the IPv6 Internet. Finding the IPv6 periphery using active probing is challenging due to the IPv6 address space size, wide variety of provider addressing and subnetting schemes, and incomplete topology traces. As such, existing topology mapping systems can miss the large footprint of the IPv6 periphery, disadvantaging applications ranging from IPv6 census studies to geolocation and network resilience. We introduce "edgy, " an approach to explicitly discover the IPv6 network periphery, and use it to find > 64M IPv6 periphery router addresses and > 87M links to these last hops -several orders of magnitude more than in currently available IPv6 topologies. Further, only 0.2% of edgy's discovered addresses are known to existing IPv6 hitlists.

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Empirical Study of Router IPv6 Interface Address Distributions

Cited by 14 publications

References 15 publications

In the IP of the Beholder

In the IP of the Beholder

Yarrp'ing the Internet

Discovering the IPv6 Network Periphery

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