Empirically comparing the performance of blockchain's consensus algorithms

Abstract

Blockchain‐based audit systems suffer from low scalability and high message complexity. The root cause of these shortcomings is the use of “Practical Byzantine Fault Tolerance” (PBFT) consensus protocol in those systems. Alternatives to PBFT have not been used in blockchain‐based audit systems due to the limited knowledge about their functional and operational requirements. Currently, no blockchain testbed supports the execution and benchmarking of different consensus protocols in a unified testing environment. This paper demonstrates building a blockchain testbed that supports the execution of five state‐of‐the‐art consensus protocols in a blockchain system; namely PBFT, Proof‐of‐Work (PoW), Proof‐of‐Stake (PoS), Proof‐of‐Elapsed Time (PoET), and Clique. Performance evaluation of those consensus algorithms is carried out using data from a real‐world audit system. These results show that the Clique protocol is best suited for blockchain‐based audit systems, based on scalability features.

Blockchain-Based Traceability of Counterfeited Drugs

“…In the supply chain, complex information is termed straightforwardness. Such as the name of the supplier and so on is demonstrated in the supply chain (Ahmad et al, 2021) as granular data are connected with tracing, which helps select any component.…”

“…Their primary focus is the PoW protocol (Chiu & Koeppl, 2018). Ashar Ahmad et al (2021) help to solve the problems and challenges that are faced in classifying and processing various blockchain mechanisms (Ahmad et al, 2021). Jiang Wang (2002) talks about the US stock market for the exchange of stock and data capacity (Wang et al, 2002).…”

BBTCD: blockchain based traceability of counterfeited drugs

“…Their main attention is on PoW protocol. Ahmad et al ( 2021 ) helps to solve the problems and challenges that are faced for classifying and processing various blockchain mechanisms. Wang, et al ( 2002 ) talk about US stock market for the exchanges of stock and capacity of data.…”

“…Such as, name of supplier and so on is demonstrating in supply chain (Ahmad et al Mar. 2021 ). As, granular data are connected with tracing which helps in selecting any component.…”

Analysis of Agricultural Product Information Traceability and Customer Preference Based on Blockchain

“…Data layer in blockchain usually uses the Merkle tree structure to store data. The displacement hash value is obtained by performing the hash operation for each transaction, and the hash operation continues upward; thus, a unique Merkle tree is finally obtained, which can prevent the transaction data from being tampered with and reduces the amount of data transmission and the difficulty of calculation [13,14]. In agricultural product information traceabil-ity, each entity has a pair of keys: public key and private key, which represents a unique identity.…”