EMPK® - novel training aids for explosives sniffer dogs

Kaul, Peter; Becher, C.; Holl, Gerhard; Maurer, Stefan; Sundermann, Alexander; Dülsner, U.

doi:10.1016/j.jveb.2011.12.004

Cited by 2 publications

(2 citation statements)

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“…The big peak at the beginning of the chromatogram is a ghost peak caused by air (maximum peak height at 3.7x10 6 ). The second peak at 18 minutes is caused by column bleeding, a common degradation process of the stationary phase.…”

Section: Headspace Spme-gc/ms Analysis Of Tatp On Activated Charcoalmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Regarding the sensitivity of the peroxides, training for EDD is frequently performed with training aids that contain TATP or HMTD (mostly in trace amounts) with numerous commercial, patented products available. These include microamounts of the peroxide explosives coated on porous metal [6][7] and proprietary mixtures with phlegmatization agents [8][9][10][11][12]. Recent research work dealing with the phlegmatization of TATP/HMTD for canine training aids includes a study using ionic liquids as an inert matrix [2] (commercially available at the Diehl Defence GmbH & Co. KG) and the microencapsulation of TATP in polymers [13][14][15].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Phlegmatization of TATP and HMTD with Activated Charcoal as Training Aid for Explosive Detection Dogs

Wilhelm

Bikelytė

Wittek

et al. 2021

Propellants Explo Pyrotec

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Both TATP and HMTD could be phlegmatized by coprecipitation with active charcoal resulting in mixtures with a nominal content of 40 wt-% (d40-TATP) and 10 wt-% (d10-HMTD), respectively. In terms of impact and friction sensitivity for both peroxides a content of 40 wt-% resulted in > 30 Nm impact sensitivity and > 360 N friction sensitivity. Both phlegmatized peroxides passed the Koenen Tube and Thermal Stability Test according to the UN recommendation on the transport of dangerous goods test manual. Investigations with a process mass spectrometer indicate that d40-TATP can produce a saturated TATP headspace at least in the same time as the same amount of pure TATP. Measurements with the transpiration method demonstrated that the vapor pressure p sat at 298.15 K of d40-TATP (2.3 Pa) and d32.7-TATP (0.9 Pa) is lower than that of pure TATP (6.7 Pa). Headspace SPME-GC/MS measurements revealed that the active charcoal does not contribute to the vapor profile of the training aid. Both d40-TATP and d10-HMTD were tested as training aids for explosive detection dog teams (EDD). In both differentiation track and realistic environment scenarios a detection rate of 100 % could be achieved by German Federal Police EDD with a false positive rate of solely 3 %.

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Section: Headspace Spme-gc/ms Analysis Of Tatp On Activated Charcoalmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Phlegmatization of TATP and HMTD with Activated Charcoal as Training Aid for Explosive Detection Dogs

Wilhelm

Bikelytė

Wittek

et al. 2021

Propellants Explo Pyrotec

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

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“Fooling fido”—chemical and behavioral studies of pseudo-explosive canine training aids

2014

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Genuine explosive materials are traditionally employed in the training and testing of explosive-detecting canines so that they will respond reliably to these substances. However, challenges arising from the acquisition, storage, handling, and transportation of explosives have given rise to the development of "pseudo-explosive" training aids. These products attempt to emulate the odor of real explosives while remaining inert. Therefore, a canine trained on a pseudo-explosive should respond to its real-life analog. Similarly, a canine trained on an actual explosive should respond to the pseudo-explosive as if it was real. This research tested those assumptions with a focus on three explosives: single-base smokeless powder, 2,4,6-trinitrotoluene (TNT), and a RDX-based plastic explosive (Composition C-4). Using gas chromatography-mass spectrometry with solid phase microextraction as a pre-concentration technique, we determined that the volatile compounds given off by pseudo-explosive products consisted of various solvents, known additives from explosive formulations, and common impurities present in authentic explosives. For example, simulated smokeless powders emitted terpenes, 2,4-dinitrotoluene, diphenylamine, and ethyl centralite. Simulated TNT products emitted 2,4- and 2,6-dinitrotoluene. Simulated C-4 products emitted cyclohexanone, 2-ethyl-1-hexanol, and dimethyldinitrobutane. We also conducted tests to determine whether canines trained on pseudo-explosives are capable of alerting to genuine explosives and vice versa. The results show that canines trained on pseudo-explosives performed poorly at detecting all but the pseudo-explosives they are trained on. Similarly, canines trained on actual explosives performed poorly at detecting all but the actual explosives on which they were trained.

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EMPK® - novel training aids for explosives sniffer dogs

Cited by 2 publications

References 0 publications

Phlegmatization of TATP and HMTD with Activated Charcoal as Training Aid for Explosive Detection Dogs

Phlegmatization of TATP and HMTD with Activated Charcoal as Training Aid for Explosive Detection Dogs

“Fooling fido”—chemical and behavioral studies of pseudo-explosive canine training aids

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