Employment Concentrations in Los Angeles, 1980–2000

Abstract

IntroductionContemporary metropolitan areas are characterized by decentralized population and employment, extensive suburbanization, decline of the central business district (CBD), and the emergence of employment concentrations outside the CBD (eg Baerwald, 1982;

The Accessibility City - When Transport Infrastructure Matters in Urban Spatial Structure

“…In this sense, departing from a monocentric model, Steen (1986) and Baum-Snow (2007b) find that population suburbanization encouraged a 4 Other studies that used this procedure are Small and Song (1994), Cervero and Wu (1997), Forstall and Green (1997), McMillen and McDonald (1997), Bogart and Ferry (1999), Pfister et al (2000), Anderson and Bogart (2001), Coffey and Shearmur (2002), Shearmur and Coffey (2002), McMillen and Smith (2003), Giuliano and Redfearn (2007), Lee (2007) and Garcia-López and Muñiz (2011).…”

“…Only a few of them consider a temporal point of view, analyzing changes on urban form and the emergence of (more) polycentric Giuliano and Redfearn, 2007;Shearmur et al, 2007;GarciaLópez and Muñiz, 2011) and dispersed cities (Gordon and Richardson, 1996;Gordon et al, 1998;Pfister et al, 2000;Lang, 2003;Lee, 2007).…”

“…Furthermore, they are losing influence on the location and land consumption patterns in the non-central areas. As a result, less monocentric metropolitans regions are becoming the new urban reality (Anas et al, 1998;Giuliano and Redfearn, 2007;Cox et al, 2008).…”

Transportation Cost Index: A Comprehensive Performance Measure for Transportation and 60000Land Use Systems and it's application in OR, FL, and Utah

“…Helsley and Sullivan (1991) and Chen (1996) theorize that the diseconomies of transportation and congestion as CBDs experience growth, combined with technological advances in transportation (which lower transportation costs), may lead to more polycentric urban spatial trends. In addition, Giuliano and Small (1991), Giuliano et al (2007), McDonald and McMillen (2000) and Greene (2008) have empirically documented the existence of multiple employment centers within U.S. metropolitan areas. For most modern metropolitan areas, assuming a mono-centric city with a central CBD may be unrealistic and over-simplistic for the purposes of calculating a TCI.…”

“…Empirically, Giuliano and Small (1993) and Giuliano et al (2007) identify urban centers by employing "a density cutoff of 10 employees per acre, and a minimum total employment of 10,000" in their analysis. Redfearn (2007) expands upon this idea by mapping employment densities, identifying peaks in the densities, and testing these peaks for significance.…”