Empowered, Yet Vulnerable: Motives for Sport Participation, Health Correlates, and Experience of Sexual Harassment in Female Combat-Sport Athletes

Abstract

Background: To explore motives for combat sport participation, weight regulation practices, symptoms of low energy availability (LEA), disordered eating (DE) or eating disorders (ED), and any experiences with sexual harassment (SH) among female combat-sport athletes. Methods: In total, 29 athletes were recruited by social media and in clubs. Participants responded to a questionnaire on health behavior and mental health and completed diet registration and a DXA-scan. Results: Most athletes started combat sports to feel empowered and experienced an inclusive milieu, but the frequency of health issues was high. A total of 21–67% had symptoms of ED, suffered from injuries, had low site-specific BMD, and/or symptoms of LEA. Athletes had insufficient intake of energy and nutrients, and < 50% received any dietary information or guidance from their clubs. Most athletes complied with favorable weight-loss strategies; still, > 20% used unfavorable methods and rapid weight-loss periods. A total of 70% of the athletes had experienced SH, of which 41% experienced SH within the combat-sport context. Conclusion: Combat sport offers an inclusive milieu, which may increase women’s health and confidence; still, our results indicates a need for actions to safeguard female combat-sport athletes’ mental and physical health, implying a cultural change within the community of combat sport and a need for increased health and nutrition literacy.

What is hindering Chinese women from participating in combat sports?

“…Combat sports involve one-on-one training. In environments typically dominated by males, introducing direct physical contact sports for females may pose challenges ( 47 ). To quickly improve their technical skills, athletes need to spar with others having different styles and skill levels.…”

“…Research indicates that over 30% of female athletes have experienced sexual harassment in sports ( 58 ), with higher proportions in masculinized sports ( 59 ). For instance, up to 41% of athletes report experiencing sexual harassment in combat sports scenarios ( 47 ). Over the past few decades, numerous news and criminal cases have highlighted the systemic issue of sexual harassment in combat sports ( 60 ).…”