“…The approach followed here is focused on frontiers as places constructed from below and through complex processes of appropriation carried out by individuals and groups in daily interactions (Herzog, 2015: 8), which highlights the importance of political agency (Nesvig, 2018; Escribano Páez, 2020). In the early modern Iberian worlds, it was in relation to those able to govern – understood at the time as those able to establish law and deliver justice, and capable of fostering and engaging in communicative processes emerging from diverse and reciprocal interests, described by Holenstein as ‘empowering interactions’, in doing so (Blockmans, Holenstein and Mathieu, 2009: 25–28) – and in line with their concepts of status, race, and religion (regardless of whether they were Chiriguana chiefs or Spanish captains–) that agents defined themselves, negotiating and contesting identities and labels. Along these ‘frontiers of possession’, where life was precarious, agency and political posturing, more than identity and continuity, provided means – the logics of subsistence – for political and social survival (Martín Marcos, 2023: 1).…”