Empowering self-reporting polymer blends with orthogonal optical properties responsive in a broader force range

Dedicated to the 75th birthday of Klaus Müllen.Mechanochemistry uses mechanical force to break, form, and manipulate chemical bonds to achieve functional transformations and syntheses. Over the last years, many innovative applications of mechanochemistry have been developed. Specifically for the synthesis and activation of carbon-rich 𝝅-conjugated materials, mechanochemistry offers reaction pathways that either are inaccessible with other stimuli, such as light and heat, or improve reaction yields, energy consumption, and substrate scope. Therefore, this review summarizes the recent advances in this research field combining the viewpoints of polymer and trituration mechanochemistry. The highlighted mechanochemical transformations include 𝝅-conjugated materials as optical force probes, the force-induced release of small dye molecules, and the mechanochemical synthesis of polyacetylene, carbon allotropes, and other 𝝅-conjugated materials.

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“…The only motif known today, bis(adamantyl)‐1,2‐dioxetane, emits bright‐blue luminescence upon activation by force (Figure 1c ). [ 26 , 30 ]…”

Section: Acene‐ and Rylene‐based Optical Force Probes For Polymer Mec...mentioning

confidence: 99%

The Mechanochemical Synthesis and Activation of Carbon‐Richπ‐Conjugated Materials

et al. 2022

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“…Chen and co‐workers synthesized a segmented PU containing mechanochromic Rh and mechanoluminescent 1,2‐dioxtane in the hard domains. [ 197 ] A lower strain was required for the activation of Rh than that for 1,2‐dioxtane, enabling visualization of applied force at a broader range. Therefore, red coloration was first observed, followed by red chemiluminescence with increasing stress.…”

Section: Applicationsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Mechanochromophore‐Linked Polymeric Materials with Visible Color Changes

Qiu

Scofield

Gurr

et al. 2022

Macromol. Rapid Commun.

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Mechanical force as a type of stimuli for smart materials has obtained much attention in the past decade. Color‐changing materials in response to mechanical stimuli have shown great potential in the applications such as sensors and displays. Mechanochromophore‐linked polymeric materials, which are a growing sub‐class of these materials, are discussed in detail in this review. Two main types of mechanochromophores which exhibit visible color change, summarized herein, involve either isomerization or radical generation mechanisms. This review focuses on their synthesis and incorporation into polymer matrices, the type of mechanical force used, factors affecting the mechanochromic properties, and their applications.

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“… [27] Notably, Chen and coworkers also use a rhodamine OFP as triplet acceptor alongside the dioxetane OFP. [28] This allows the combination of mechanoluminescence and mechanochromism, where Förster resonance energy transfer (FRET) from the activated dioxetanes to the activated rhodamines also red‐shifts the dioxetane emission.…”

Section: Tailoring the Optical Responsementioning

confidence: 99%

Tailoring the Properties of Optical Force Probes for Polymer Mechanochemistry

Stratigaki

Centeno

et al. 2021

Chemistry A European J

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The correlation of mechanical properties of polymer materials with those of their molecular constituents is the foundation for their holistic comprehension and eventually for improved material designs and syntheses. Over the last decade, optical force probes (OFPs) were developed, shedding light on various unique mechanical behaviors of materials. The properties of polymers are diverse, ranging from soft hydrogels to ultra-tough composites, from purely elastic rubbers to viscous colloidal solutions, and from transparent glasses to super black dyed coatings. Only very recently, researchers started to develop tailored OFP solutions that account for such material requirements in energy (both light and force), in time, and in their spatially detectable resolution. We here highlight notable recent examples and identify future challenges in this emergent field.

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Empowering self-reporting polymer blends with orthogonal optical properties responsive in a broader force range

Abstract: Probing bond scission process in a broader force range was realized by embedding mechanochromic rhodamine and mechanochemiluminescent 1,2-dioxetane in polymer blends.

Cited by 35 publications

References 53 publications

The Mechanochemical Synthesis and Activation of Carbon‐Richπ‐Conjugated Materials

The Mechanochemical Synthesis and Activation of Carbon‐Richπ‐Conjugated Materials

Mechanochromophore‐Linked Polymeric Materials with Visible Color Changes

Tailoring the Properties of Optical Force Probes for Polymer Mechanochemistry

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