“…Moreover, in response to calls for action, there is also a need to reflect on who has the opportunity, capacity, and, indeed, privilege to be able to participate in environmental activism for the ocean (Bennett et al, 2021;Taylor, 2016;Gibson-Wood and Wakefield, 2013). Hence, ocean literacy initiatives and policies need to empower people and institutions, and crucially, this empowerment must include people from communities who have been historically under-represented, or completely excluded, from ocean discussions, for example, youth groups (Kelly et al, 2022a(Kelly et al, , 2022bRussell, 2019) and minoritized groups. For example, Indigenous communities (Wehi et al, 2021;Parsons et al, 2021;Von der Porten et al, 2016), communities from the Global South (Shellock et al, 2022;The Guardian, 2021;Stefanoudis et al, 2021), youth groups (Halstead et al, 2022) and members of LGBTQI+ communities (Ocean Wise, 2021).…”