Emulsion-Based Postbiotic Formulation Is Comparable to Viable Cells in Eliciting a Localized Immune Response in Dairy Cows With Chronic Mastitis

Abstract

Bovine mastitis is a disease with a multi-etiological nature, defined as an infection and inflammation of the udder. Mastitis represents a significant ongoing concern in the dairy industry, leading to substantial losses in profits and revenue for farmers worldwide. The predominant causes of bovine mastitis include the pathogens Staphylococcus aureus, Streptococcus dysgalactiae, Streptococcus uberis, and Escherichia coli. Antibiotic administration is currently the main treatment option for mastitis. However, there is a pressing need for alternative therapies to treat and prevent the disease, especially with the emergence of antibiotic-resistant, mastitis-causing pathogens, resulting in antibiotic treatment failure. One such example is live bio-therapeutics (also known as probiotics), such as Lactococcus lactis DPC3147. The efficacy of this live bio-therapeutic has been demonstrated in several previous trials by our group. The most recent of these trials showed that an emulsion-based formulation of this strain was as effective as a commercial antibiotic formulation in treating sub-clinical and clinical cases of bovine mastitis. Here, we report the results of a follow-up field trial, in which we sought to gain insight into the mechanism of action of such live bio-therapeutics, focussing on chronic mastitis cases. We treated 28 cows with chronic mastitis with two separate emulsion-based formulations containing either viable L. lactis DPC3147 cells (15 cows) or heat-killed L. lactis DPC3147 cells (13 cows). We then evaluated the efficacies of the two formulations (two treatment groups) in terms of stimulating a localized immune response (quantified by measuring IL-8 concentrations in milk collected from udders affected by mastitis) and efficacies in terms of cure rates (quantified by reductions in somatic cell counts and absence of pathogens). We demonstrate that the presence of heat-inactivated bacteria (a postbiotic) was as effective as the live bio-therapeutic in eliciting a localized immune response in cows with chronic mastitis. The response to heat-killed cells (postbiotic) reported herein could have beneficial implications for farmers with regard to prolonging the shelf life of such emulsion-based formulations containing heat-killed cells of L. lactis DPC3147 for curing cows with mastitis.

Development of innate immune memory by non-immune cells during Staphylococcus aureus infection depends on reactive oxygen species

“…Recently it was shown that a treatment of cows with chronic mastitis with viable L. lactis DPC3147 cells or heat-killed L. lactis DPC3147 cells stimulated a localized immune response (increased IL-8 concentrations in milk) and increased the cure rates in cows with chronic mastitis. (54) The development of innate immune memory we observed here with L. lactis MG1363 in vitro might account for these positive outcomes.…”

Biomolecule-Producing Probiotic Bacterium Lactococcus lactis in Free or Nanoencapsulated Form for Endometritis Treatment and Fertility Improvement in Buffaloes

“…These substances have bacteriostatic and bactericidal effects against pathogenic strains isolated from an animal origin (pig samples) such as Escherichia coli , Salmonella enterica , Streptococcus suis , Streptococcus dysgalactiae , Staphylococcus hyicus , and Enterococcus faecalis [ 40 ]. In this context, L. lactis has been reported as an effective therapy to treat mastitis in dairy cows, substituting antibiotic therapies [ 41 ]. In this study, for the first time, GC-MS analysis was used to identify the metabolites synthesized by L. lactis and to understand the mechanisms by which L. lactis can restore microbial eubiosis and the health of the uterus.…”

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“…Mucins, HBCM2, HBCM3, HB14, COL-1, and HBCM3 are inhibitory towards Pseudomonas aureus. In parallel, Lactoferrin inhibits Haemophilus influenzae's growth, while Lactoferricin B inhibits Aspergillus fumigatus and Candida albicans, respectively111 .…”