Emulsion copolymers of α‐methylstyrene and styrene

Branston, Randolph E.; Plaumann, Heinz; Sendorek, Jerzy J.

doi:10.1002/app.1990.070400707

Cited by 8 publications

(3 citation statements)

References 14 publications

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“…Error in Variable Methods, 28 introduced into copolymerization reactivity ratio estimations by van der Meer, Linssen, and German, 29 correctly take into account the error in all variables. As mentioned above, experimental monomer conversion versus cumulative copolymer composition 30 or monomer fraction 8,10,29,31,32 data can be used to estimate the reactivity ratios applying the EVM.…”

Section: The Model Should Be Easy To Usementioning

confidence: 99%

Nonlinear regression by visualization of the sum of residual space applied to the integrated copolymerization equation with errors in all variables. I. Introduction of the model, simulations and design of experiments

Brink

Herk

German

1999

J. Polym. Sci. A Polym. Chem.

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A new model for estimating reactivity ratios using the integrated copolymerization equation is presented. The model is a general nonlinear least squares method taking the error in both monomer conversion and monomer fraction into account by a relation between these two variables. Simulations show that the model is able to predict reactivity ratios successfully. Special attention is given to experimental design, i.e., at which initial monomer feed ratios the experiments should be performed in order to obtain reliable values for the reactivity ratios. © 1999 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. J Polym Sci A: Polym Chem 37: 3793–3803, 1999

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Section: The Model Should Be Easy To Usementioning

confidence: 99%

Nonlinear regression by visualization of the sum of residual space applied to the integrated copolymerization equation with errors in all variables. I. Introduction of the model, simulations and design of experiments

Brink

Herk

German

1999

J. Polym. Sci. A Polym. Chem.

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“…Kinetic Model. The copolymerization of styrene and α-methylstyrene has been previously studied both in the bulk and in solution. − Similarities with the homopolymerization behavior of styrene or α-methylstyrene are often emphasized. The kinetic model of an emulsion polymerization usually divided into three stages is detailed in ref , where different assumptions and subsequent models are discussed.…”

Section: Process Modelmentioning

confidence: 99%

Optimal Temperature−Time Programming in a Batch Copolymerization Reactor

Salhi

Daroux

Gentric

et al. 2004

Ind. Eng. Chem. Res.

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This paper addresses the optimization of a batch copolymerization reactor of styrene and α-methylstyrene. The reactor is equipped with a jacket for heat exchange and, thus, for temperature control. The performance index is the batch period, and the decision variable is the jacket inlet temperature. The constraints involved include the process model, the polymer quality, the final monomer conversion rate, the heating/cooling rate of the reactor and upper and lower bounds of the variables. The optimization method is a direct method with a sequential strategy known as control vector parametrization method. The optimal profiles are determined with great care in terms of treatment and fulfilment of constraints. The results show a substantial improvement with respect to the complete discretization method previously used.

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“…This behavior has been variously ascribed to steric restrictions on the placement of successive monomer units (penultimate effect), the reversibility of AMS polymerization, chain transfer to an AMS monomer, and to kinetic factors 5. These kinetic factors include a low propagation rate ( k p = 26 mol/L −1 s −1 ) for AMS homopolymerization 6–11. In earlier studies of the solution copolymerization of the AMS/ST system, Rudin et al reported that the observed slow reaction rates and low MW of polymers probably should be ascribed to the stability of the AMS radical 12, 13.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Molecular weight distributions in terpolymerization of ?-methylstyrene/styrene/acrylic acid in continuous stirred tank reactor

Lee

Cheong

Lee

et al. 2000

J. Appl. Polym. Sci.

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Free‐radical terpolymerization of α‐methylstyrene/styrene/acrylic acid (AMS/ST/AA) in a continuous stirred tank reactor (CSTR) was studied theoretically and experimentally. A series of reactions were conducted to investigate the effect of the reaction temperature, residence time, solvent contents, initiator concentration, chain‐transfer agent level, and different monomer compositions on the molecular weight distribution (MWD). The mathematical model based on “the instantaneous property method (IPM)” and the pseudokinetic rate constant method was introduced and modified to predict the MWD of the bulk terpolymer produced in a CSTR. The effects of process variables were included in the mathematical model. Extensive comparisons were made between the theoretical results and experimental values. The rate of the free‐radical terpolymerization of AMS/ST/AA was comparatively slow and it was found that the concentration of α‐methylstyrene had a strong influence on the molecular weight and polydispersity of the MWD. This presumably reflected the existence of a normal bimolecular termination rate and a slow propagation rate due to steric hindrances at the doubly substituted vinyl carbon atom or transfer of the allylic hydrogen from the α‐methyl group. Good agreement was obtained between calculated MWD and the experimental one by assuming that the disproportionation termination of free radicals was the dominant chain‐stoppage mechanism. © 2000 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 79: 479–487, 2001

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Emulsion copolymers of α‐methylstyrene and styrene

Cited by 8 publications

References 14 publications

Nonlinear regression by visualization of the sum of residual space applied to the integrated copolymerization equation with errors in all variables. I. Introduction of the model, simulations and design of experiments

Nonlinear regression by visualization of the sum of residual space applied to the integrated copolymerization equation with errors in all variables. I. Introduction of the model, simulations and design of experiments

Optimal Temperature−Time Programming in a Batch Copolymerization Reactor

Molecular weight distributions in terpolymerization of ?-methylstyrene/styrene/acrylic acid in continuous stirred tank reactor

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