Emulsion Polymerization of Chloroprene in the Presence of a Maleic Polymerizable Surfactant:  Control of Gel Formation at Low Conversion

Cochet, Francoise; Claverie, Jérôme P.; Graillat, C.; Sauterey, Francois; Guyot, Alain

doi:10.1021/ma0302412

Cited by 11 publications

(3 citation statements)

References 15 publications

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“…Polymerizable surfactants (surfactants with active double bond) such as sodium dodecyl allyl sulfosuccinate [13,[22][23][24]] also used to produce latexes with chemically bound surface-active groups [5,[25][26][27][28][29][30]31]. Polymerized surfactants (surfactants with active double bond) consist of amphipathic structure comprising hydrophobic tail and hydrophilic head group [32], in addition to polymerized vinyl groups [33] in their molecular structure, which acquire them unique physicochemical properties other than traditional surfactants moieties [34] such as;…”

Section: Surfactantsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Emulsion Polymerization Mechanism

El-hoshoudy¹

2018

Recent Research in Polymerization

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Emulsion polymerization is a polymerization process with diferent applications on the industrial and academic scale. It involves application of emulsiier to emulsify hydrophobic polymers through aqueous phase by amphipathic emulsiier, then generation of free radicals with either a water or oil soluble initiators. It characterized by reduction of bimolecular termination of free radicals due to segregation of free radicals among the discrete monomer-swollen polymer particles. The latex particles size ranged from 10 nm to 1000 nm in a diameter and are generally spherical. A typical of particle consist of 1-10,000 macromolecules, where macromolecule contains about 100-10 6 monomer units.Keywords: emulsion polymerization, emulsiied monomers, particle nucleation and polymerization mechanism IntroductionEmulsion polymerization is a unique process involves emulsiication of hydrophobic monomers by oil-in water emulsiier, then reaction initiation with either a water soluble initiator (e.g. potassium persulfate (K 2 S 2 O 8 ) or an oil-soluble initiator (e.g. 2,2-azobisisobutyronitrile (AIBN)) [1,2] in the presence of stabilizer which may be ionic, nonionic or protective colloid to disperse hydrophobic monomer through aqueous solution [3,4]. Typical polymerization monomers involve vinyl monomers of the structure (CH 2 =CH-). These emulsion polymers ind a wide range of applications such as synthetic rubbers, thermoplastics, coatings, adhesives, binders, rheological modiiers, plastic pigments [1]. Emulsion polymerization is a rather complex process because nucleation, growth and stabilization of polymer particles are controlled by the free radical polymerization mechanisms in combination with various colloidal phenomena [1]. Aside from other polymerization techniques, emulsion polymerization afords increasing molecular weight of the formed latexes through decreasing polymerization rate by either decreasing initiator concentration or lowering reaction temperature [5,6].© 2018 The Author(s). Licensee InTech. This chapter is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.Systems of emulsion polymerization involve (1) conventional emulsion polymerization, in which a hydrophobic monomer emulsiied in water and polymerization initiated with a watersoluble initiator [5]. (2) Inverse emulsion polymerization [7], where organic solvents of very low polarity as parain or xylene used as a polymerization media to emulsify hydrophilic monomers [5], then initiation proceed with the aid of hydrophobic initiator [5]. These two polymerization types known as oil-in-water (o/w) and water-in-oil (w/o) emulsions [5]. (3) Mini emulsion polymerization involves systems with monomer droplets in water with much smaller droplets than in emulsion polymerization and characterized by monomer droplet =50-1000 nm, surfactant concentration < critical micelle co...

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Section: Surfactantsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Emulsion Polymerization Mechanism

El-hoshoudy¹

2018

Recent Research in Polymerization

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“…1,2 For both technological and fundamental interest, the emulsion polymerization of CP has been intensively investigated. 3,4 Anionic surfactants such as rosin or sulfonic acid species or nonionic surfactants such as poly(vinyl alcohol) or poly(oxyethylene) species are frequently employed to achieve a stable emulsion.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

RAFT‐mediated emulsion polymerization of chloroprene and impact of chain‐end structure on chloroprene rubbers

Ishigaki

Mori

2017

J of Applied Polymer Sci

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The reversible addition-fragmentation chain transfer (RAFT) polymerization of chloroprene (CP) in an emulsion system using a dithiocarbamate-type RAFT agent was studied. The controlled RAFT-mediated emulsion polymerization was achieved by the appropriate combination of a RAFT agent and nonionic surfactant (polyoxyethylene phenyl ether) using a water-soluble initiator (VA-044) at 35 8C. An almost linear first-order kinetic plot was observed until relatively high conversion (>80%) with molecular weights between 22,300 and 33,100 and relatively narrow molecular weight distributions (M w /M n Ϲ 1.5) were achieved. The amount of the emulsifier used and the pH of the system were found to affect the controlled character, polymerization rate, and induction period, which are related to the size of the emulsion particles. Large-scale RAFT-mediated emulsion polymerization was also employed to afford industrially applicable poly(CP) (M w > 25 3 10 4 , resulting product > 2300 g). The vulcanized CP rubber obtained from the RAFT-synthesized poly(CP) exhibited better physical properties, particularly tensile modulus and compression set, which may be due to the presence of the reactive end groups and the absence of low-molecular-weight products. We also evaluated the impact of the chain-end structure on the mechanical and physical properties of these industrially important CP rubbers with carbon black.

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“…The polymerizable emulsifiers for emulsion polymerization have been examined recently, and the reports have highlighted two advantages of polymerizable emulsifiers: (a) hydrophobicity of the film of the latex is improved 10, 11 (b) polymerizable emulsifiers exhibit an efficient steric hindrance. 12–14 Thus, the polymerizable emulsifiers will be important emulsifiers in the field of emulsion polymerization. Polymerizable emulsifiers can copolymerize with the adsorbed matrix and be bonded onto the surface of the matrix permanently.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

BA‐MMA‐POMA copolymer latexes prepared by using HMPS polymerizable emulsifier

Chen

Wu²

2011

J of Applied Polymer Sci

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BA-MMA-POMA copolymer latex was successfully prepared by soap-free emulsion polymerization of 2-(perfluoro-(1,1-bisisopropyl)-2-propenyl)oxyethyl methacrylate(POMA) with butyl acrylate(BA), methyl methacrylate (MMA) initiated by K 2 S 2 O 8 in the water. POMA was synthesized from the intermediate perfluoro nonene and 2-hydroxyethyl methacrylate as the staring reactants. The structure of BA-MMA-POMA copolymer latex was investigated by Fourier transform infrared (FTIR). The characteristics of the film such as hydrophobicity and glass transition temperature were characterized with the contact angle and differential scanning calorimetry respectively. The influences of the amount of the fluorinated monomer and the initiator on the soap-free emulsion polymerization and performance of the latex were studied. In addition, comparison with the latex prepared by the conventional emulsifier SDBS is investigated. Results show that the hydrophobicity and glass transition temperature (T g ) of the latex are increased when the fluorinated monomer is introduced to copolymerize with other monomers. The hydrophobicity can be improved further with heating. Compared with the latices prepared by using SDBS emulsifier, the latices prepared by using HMPS emulsifier have larger particle size, higher surface tension. However, the difference of their T g is extremely minute. V C 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 122: [819][820][821][822][823][824][825][826] 2011

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Emulsion Polymerization of Chloroprene in the Presence of a Maleic Polymerizable Surfactant: Control of Gel Formation at Low Conversion

Cited by 11 publications

References 15 publications

Emulsion Polymerization Mechanism

Emulsion Polymerization Mechanism

RAFT‐mediated emulsion polymerization of chloroprene and impact of chain‐end structure on chloroprene rubbers

BA‐MMA‐POMA copolymer latexes prepared by using HMPS polymerizable emulsifier

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