Enabling Collaboration and Communication Across Law Enforcement Jurisdictions: Data Sharing in a Multiagency Partnership

Pickering, Jordan C.; Fox, Andrew M.

doi:10.1177/08874034211066756

Cited by 4 publications

(4 citation statements)

References 27 publications

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“…As such, exotic pets may fall in a regulatory and legal gray area, where it is unclear whether jurisdiction lies with the state agricultural agency (which may regulate domestic animals as well as livestock), state natural resources or wildlife agency, or other state agencies, such as public health agencies (Shapiro et al., 2022). This ambiguity reduces the likelihood that exotic pet trade laws are enforced, thereby reducing the risk of prosecution for individuals who violate regulations (Pickering & Fox, 2022) and exacerbating adverse incentives to continue trading exotic pets that pose significant invasion and disease risks across the United States.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Identifying inconsistencies in exotic pet regulations that perpetuate trade in risky species

Pratt,

Lockwood,

King

et al. 2023

Conservation Biology

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Regulatory inconsistencies at different jurisdictional levels have contributed to the global expansion of the exotic pet trade, with resultant increases in the spread of invasive species and pathogens. Researchers have enumerated multiple limitations and environmental risks posed by international and national rules that govern the exotic pet trade, yet little attention has been focused on regulation of the exotic pet trade within national borders. We reviewed state‐level regulations that apply to the trade of vertebrate animal taxa in the United States (US). Definitions and classifications for regulating different vertebrate taxa varied greatly across states, and the terms ‘pet’ and ‘companion animal’ were poorly defined and inconsistent across states. States implemented regulations that permit trade in exotic vertebrate pets that are banned from import into the US owing to public health and conservation concerns. Once species have been imported into the US, inconsistent internal regulations facilitate movement of animals that pose substantial invasion and disease risks. Violations of state laws were typically listed as misdemeanors, and the median fine for violating state wildlife trade laws was $1,000. Inconsistent and incomplete regulation of exotic vertebrate pets across state borders, in conjunction with limited penalties for violating regulations, has facilitated continued possession of exotic pets in states where these animals are banned. Based on our review of regulatory weaknesses, we conclude that transition to a federally enforced list of vertebrate species that may be traded as pets is needed, with all other vertebrate species banned from the exotic pet trade unless their potential invasion and disease risks have been assessed and demonstrated to be low or nonexistent.Article Impact Statement: Inconsistent and incomplete regulation of the trade in exotic pets in the United States perpetuates invasion and disease risks.This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Identifying inconsistencies in exotic pet regulations that perpetuate trade in risky species

Pratt,

Lockwood,

King

et al. 2023

Conservation Biology

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“…Outside of political and economic motivations, a sheriff's decision to cooperate with ICE may also be based on their professional commitments. Law enforcement agencies work within jurisdictional confines, even though offenders are not constrained to these geographical boundaries (Pickering & Fox, 2022). Offenders' mobility and the highly fragmented American law enforcement system suggest that inter-agency collaboration is needed in order to improve public safety.…”

Section: Potential Factors Influencing Sheriff Decision-makingmentioning

confidence: 99%

County Sheriffs and Immigration and Customs Enforcement: The Will of the People or a Lack of Accountability?

Newby,

Williams

2024

American Politics Research

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County sheriffs hold a great deal of discretionary power at the county level; however, little is known about the decision-making of sheriffs. One key role they hold is overseeing county jails. In this role, county sheriffs choose how often to cooperate with Immigration and Customs Enforcement (ICE) when they make a detainer request of the county. This study investigates the factors influencing sheriffs’ decision making, specifically whether sheriffs make discretionary decisions based on the will of the people. Using ICE data about cooperation with county jails, and Cooperative Congregational Election Study (CCES) data, we assess if sheriff cooperation with ICE is politically motivated, in congruence with preferences of the voters countywide, or are other factors potentially influencing sheriffs. We find that sheriffs’ decision to cooperate with ICE is influenced by the demographics and economy of their county rather than their own political affiliation or their county’s ideological stance on immigration.

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“…1 As importantly, patient confidentiality can be preserved when aggregated or non‐disclosed information is shared with law enforcement. For example, many important variables can be shared without disclosing the identity of the victim: time, space, characteristics of the offense, the characteristics of the offender, the setting of the offense, weapons used, the facility where the event occurred, and the postcode/street where the event occurred; these and many other factors that do not disclose the identity of the complainant nor the transgressors can (and are) used for crime prevention initiatives, disorder management, and law enforcement more broadly (see review in Pickering & Fox, 2022; Taylor et al, 2016).…”

Section: Literature Reviewmentioning

confidence: 99%

Overcoming unreported violence using place‐based ambulance data: The case for mapping hotspots based on health data for crime prevention initiatives

Simmonds,

Ariel,

Harinam

2023

Transactions in GIS

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A key concern in crime analysis is the “hidden crime” problem. Crime events unaccounted for in police records limit the external validity of official statistics and, more importantly, hinder the ability of the police to manage crime and utilize their resources effectively. The problem is exacerbated in proactive initiatives aimed at curbing violence through hotspot policing, where inaccuracies and imprecision, or, worse, no data at all, diminish prevention efforts. Previous studies have sought to overcome the data problem by juxtaposing police records with ambulance data on assault callouts and have found profound disparities. Specifically, researchers matched “crime hotspots” with “ambulance hotspots” (rather than individual events) because patient confidentiality considerations have prevented health professionals from sharing subject‐level data with the police. However, health services can safely share spatial data on wider areas that do not disclose personal information. We build on this line of inquiry by analyzing data from the Thames Valley, United Kingdom, and observing spatial hotspots of different sizes. The results demonstrate that while the police and ambulance services attend to the same communities and similar types of facilities, the police are “blinded” to the location of nearly 8 out of 10 assaults. The incongruency is shown even with severe assaults, but to a lesser extent. We then simulate the reduction in injuries if the police had access to health data at different spatial levels and show that even under the most conservative set of assumptions, such an approach can prevent between 113 and 116 violent injuries each year that might otherwise require hospitalization.

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Enabling Collaboration and Communication Across Law Enforcement Jurisdictions: Data Sharing in a Multiagency Partnership

Cited by 4 publications

References 27 publications

Identifying inconsistencies in exotic pet regulations that perpetuate trade in risky species

Identifying inconsistencies in exotic pet regulations that perpetuate trade in risky species

County Sheriffs and Immigration and Customs Enforcement: The Will of the People or a Lack of Accountability?

Overcoming unreported violence using place‐based ambulance data: The case for mapping hotspots based on health data for crime prevention initiatives

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