Enabling Participatory Design of 3D Virtual Scenes on Mobile Devices

Virtual Reality in Design Processes

“…Designing in non-immersive VR was reported in four of the articles (Chandrasekera & Yoon, 2018;Gonzalez, 2018;Häkkilä et al, 2018;Wu, 2018). Two articles described systems in which immersive VR with HMDs and non-immersive VR were combined, allowing users to work together within different levels of immersion (Chowdhury & Schnabel, 2020;Sun et al, 2017). Immersive Virtual Environments (IVE), such as the CAVE system, in which several users are placed in a dedicated room with screens or projections that cover three or four walls, the ceiling and/or the floor, were assessed in three articles (Halabi, 2019;Maftei & Harty, 2015;Sopher et al, 2019).…”

“…On the other end of the scale, one study (Gonzalez, 2018) deployed VR as only one part of a process composed of traditional and technological techniques, physical and virtual materials. The last four studies (Chandrasekera & Yoon, 2018;Lu & Ishida, 2020;Sun et al, 2017;Wu, 2018) used VR in the main part of the design process, but the participants were given a simplified task of placing pre-made elements in a virtual space, as opposed to building a design from scratch and/or with higher degrees of creative freedom.…”

“…• Enabling participatory design of 3D virtual scenes on mobile devices. (Sun et al, 2017) • Augmented reality, virtual reality and their effect on learning style in the creative design process. (Chandrasekera & Yoon, 2018) • Development of spatial skills with virtual reality and augmented reality.…”

“…The included studies employed mostly qualitative methods, except for Sun et al (2017), Halabi (2019), Kim et al (2020) and Lu and Ishida (2020), in which quantitative methods were used. Chandrasekera and Yoon (2018) employed 'a quantitative research design using analysis of subjective survey data' (p. 61).…”

“…The following methodologies were used in the included studies: Experiments (Chowdhury & Schnabel, 2020;Kim et al, 2020;Lu & Ishida, 2020;Sun et al, 2017;Zhang & Chen, 2019), Case studies (Häkkilä et al, 2018;Maftei & Harty, 2015;Sopher et al, 2019;Wu, 2018), Design-based research (Gyldendahl Jensen, 2017), Action research (Nisha, 2019), User study (Jetter et al, 2020) or Comparative study (Halabi, 2019). Data were gathered through surveys or questionnaires with some degree of selfassessment (Chowdhury & Schnabel, 2020;Halabi, 2019;Häkkilä et al, 2018;Lu & Ishida, 2020;Nisha, 2019;Sun et al, 2017;Wu, 2018;Zhang & Chen, 2019), observation (Gonzalez, 2018;Gyldendahl Jensen, 2017;Jetter et al, 2020;Maftei & Harty, 2015;Nisha, 2019;Sopher et al, 2019), interviews (Jetter et al, 2020;Nisha, 2019;Sopher et al, 2019), or audio-recordings from the experiment (Chowdhury & Schnabel, 2020), as well as the collection of student projects (Nisha, 2019;Sopher et al, 2019), student grades (Halabi, 2019), participants' design assessments (Chowdhury & Schnabel, 2020;Kim et al, 2020) or log data from the VR-interface (Kim et al, 2020;Sun et al, 2017). 13 of the 15 studies reported their number of participants.…”