“…For nearly half a century, the theory of transformative learning has been discussed, hypothesized, and empirically researched by many adult education scholars. Most empirical research discusses transformative learning theories that are frequently grounded within formal teacher-centered learning contexts (Shor, Cattaneo, & Calton, 2017) and typically focus on higher education (Sawatsky, Beckman, & Hafferty, 2017;Troop, 2017), workplace development (Choy, 2009;Heckelman, Unger, & Garofano, 2013;Poutiatine, 2009;Wilhelmson, Moström-Åberg, Backström, & Köping-Olsson, 2015), and/or other market driven areas that address a specific problem-oriented matter (Kitchenham, 2006). This problem centered approach to transformative learning research seeks to study the social and cultural change in society (Gordon, 2006;Illeris, 2004;Pololi, Krupat, Schnell, & Kern, 2013) or personal change (Heckelman et al, 2013;Poutiatine, 2009;Whitelaw, Sears, & Campbell, 2004) in adult learners ' values, beliefs, and/or behavior(s).…”