Enamel Demineralization and Remineralization Detection Using Non-invasive Optical Imaging

Abstract

Introduction: Optical Coherence Tomography (OCT), is one of the most emerging diagnostic imaging technique. It is capable of producing 3D images using optical scattering media. The fast signal acquisition quality has made it a promising tool to detect early in vivo and in vitro lesions. The aim of this study was to reproduce previous demineralization results and to detect remineralization using OCT. Methodology: Bovine enamel discs were used thoroughly in this study. The study was done using the flow cell for detecting demineralization and remineralization following 96 hours demineralization and 192 hours remineralization. A time lapse monitoring was done and the lesions were assessed visually. ImageJ software was used to process the images produced through OCT. The lesion depth and intensity was measured across the images produced which helped in assessing the difference between remineralization and demineralization. Results: OCT B-scan images result in increased backscattering light which is considered the main principle to measure lesion depth and mineral loss. Whereas, in remineralization decreased band of light appeared with reduction in porosity during mineral precipitation. The results for remineralization were diverse and could not be assessed. Conclusion: OCT is favorable technique to detect demineralization and remineralization but it still needs a lot of improvement especially regarding remineralization there are limitations which need to be improved.

Polarization-Sensitive Optical Coherence Tomography for Monitoring De- and Remineralization of Bovine Enamel In Vitro

“…Although the results of the PS-OCT images in the study by Fatemah Memon et al for the anti-caries treatment were probably ambiguous due to intensity changes in the light scattering properties, it appears that reduced light scattering occurred with a reduction in porosity during mineral precipitation during remineralization [3]. Fetemah Memon et al described remineralization as the process of calcium, phosphate, and fluoride becoming disorderly deposited in voids (porosities), resulting in reduced backscattering [3]. The primary effect of the acid is an increase in porosity, which results in an increase in backscattering and a decrease in depolarization.…”

“…Chong et al [55] were also able to visibly demonstrate an inhibition of artificial deminer-alization by fluoride through significantly lower reflection in the PS-OCT measurements. Although the results of the PS-OCT images in the study by Fatemah Memon et al for the anti-caries treatment were probably ambiguous due to intensity changes in the light scattering properties, it appears that reduced light scattering occurred with a reduction in porosity during mineral precipitation during remineralization [3]. Fetemah Memon et al described remineralization as the process of calcium, phosphate, and fluoride becoming disorderly deposited in voids (porosities), resulting in reduced backscattering [3].…”

“…(A) Specimens 1, 2: Follow-up (PS-OCT on day 0, 3,5,7,10,12,14). (B) Specimens 3, 4: Removal after 7 days (PS-OCT on day 0 and 7).…”

“…These lesions can be reversed by remineralization, i.e., the re-deposition of minerals. De-and remineralization are continuous and dynamic processes, thereby predominating remineralization prevents caries progression followed by cavitation [3,4]. To avoid invasive therapeutic intervention, it is important to detect initial caries early and monitor it closely.…”