Enamel hypoplasia and age at weaning in 19th‐century Florence, Italy

Moggi‐Cecchi, Jacopo; Pacciani, Elsa; Pinto-Cisternas, J

doi:10.1002/ajpa.1330930303

Cited by 88 publications

(85 citation statements)

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“…Weaning is considered the time of highest metabolic stress during early childhood in preindustrial societies and societies with low socioeconomic levels (Moggi-Cecchi et al, 1994), and therefore a possible cause of high rates of hypoplasia. Ogilvie et al (1989) reported a range of 2-5 years, with a peak around 4 years, for the majority of LEH formation observed in their Neanderthal sample, and they interpreted this pattern as reflecting the nutritional stresses associated with weaning.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Enamel hypoplasias and physiological stress in the Sima de los Huesos Middle Pleistocene hominins

Cunha

Rozzi

Castro

et al. 2004

American J Phys Anthropol

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This study presents an analysis of linear enamel hypoplasias (LEH) and plane-form defects (PFD) in the hominine dental sample from the Sima de los Huesos (SH) Middle Pleistocene site in Atapuerca (Spain). The SH sample comprises 475 teeth, 467 permanent and 8 deciduous, belonging to a minimum of 28 individuals. The method for recording PFD and LEH is discussed, as well as the definition of LEH. The prevalence of LEH and PFD in SH permanent dentition (unilateral total count) is 4.6% (13/280). Only one deciduous tooth (lower dc) showed an enamel disruption. Prevalence by individual ranges from 18.7-30%. The most likely explanation for the relatively low LEH and PFD prevalence in the SH sample suggests that the SH population exhibited a low level of developmental stress. The age at occurrence of LEH and PFD was determined by counting the number of perikymata between each lesion and the cervix of the tooth. Assuming a periodicity of nine days for the incremental lines, the majority of LEH in the SH sample occurred during the third year of life and may be related to the metabolic stress associated with weaning.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Enamel hypoplasias and physiological stress in the Sima de los Huesos Middle Pleistocene hominins

Cunha

Rozzi

Castro

et al. 2004

American J Phys Anthropol

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“…Although Hillson and Bond (1997) cautioned that assigning an age at time of disruption to pits, in particular, is fraught with difficulty, the age of peak stress in this sample could be associated with weaning, which is often cited as increasing a child's susceptibility to malnutrition and infectious disease (e.g., Fink and Merbs, 1991;Moggi-Cecchi et al, 1994). The human immune system matures at about 2 years of age, and before this time the passive immunity obtained from the mother by the nursing child reduces the risk of ill health.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The etiology of the disruption is not always discernible, but enamel hypoplasia appears to be a sensitive reflection of physiological stress (Nikiforuk and Fraser, 1981;Pindborg, 1970;Sarnat and Schour, 1941;Skinner and Goodman, 1992). This stress may have been brought about by hereditary factors, but current evidence indicates that hypoplastic lesions resulting from environmental stressors are more common than those of genetic origin (Goodman and Armelagos, 1985;Rose, 1990, 1991;Hillson, 1996;Lukacs, 1992;May et al, 1993;Moggi-Cecchi et al, 1994;Seow, 1991;Skinner and Goodman, 1992). Enamel hypoplasia has been significantly correlated, for example, with social economic status and decreased physical stature (Blakey and Armelagos, 1985;Cook and Buikstra, 1979;Enwonwu, 1973;Goodman et al, 1980).…”

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confidence: 99%

“…Because they begin to form in utero, defects on deciduous teeth also give an indication of the physical and nutritional state of the mother (Lukacs, 1992;Seow, 1991). Since tooth formation and maturation occur at predictable rates, it has been common practice to estimate the approximate age of the stress occurrence during growth and development from the measured position of macroscopically visible enamel defects on the tooth crown (Buikstra and Ubelaker, 1994;Goodman and Rose, 1990;Moggi-Cecchi et al, 1994;Rose et al, 1985). Recent research, however, indicates that both the precision and accuracy of these estimates are likely to be poorer than previously thought, and stresses the value of histological examination (Hillson and Bond, 1997).…”

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confidence: 99%

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Patterns of dental enamel defects at ancient Mendes, Egypt

Lovell

Whyte

1999

Am. J. Phys. Anthropol.

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The dental remains of 88 individuals from Old Kingdom, First Intermediate, and Greco-Roman periods at the ancient Egyptian site of Mendes (Tell er-Rub(c)a) were examined for dental enamel hypoplasia, and the results reported here provide some of the first comparative data on enamel defects in ancient Egypt. Overall, 48% of the individuals in the sample have one or more teeth with hypoplasia, with 17% of permanent teeth and 8% of deciduous teeth affected. The permanent teeth account for 87% of the total number of affected teeth, a prevalence over deciduous teeth that is significant at alpha = 0.05. Permanent and deciduous teeth display different patterns of hypoplasia, with the former exhibiting both discrete pitting and linear furrowing, and the latter exhibiting only pits. Teeth with linear defects significantly outnumber those with pits by a factor of more than three to one. Only permanent canines display more than one lesion on a tooth, with a mean of 1.4 defects per affected tooth. Although calculation of the age of insult from lesion position is imprecise, it appears that stress episodes occurred most commonly between approximately 3-5 years of age. The presence of pits in the deciduous dentition, however, suggests that physiological stresses began in utero. There is no statistically significant difference in the frequency of enamel defects between males and females. An observed decrease in the frequency of defects from the Old Kingdom period to the subsequent First Intermediate and Greco-Roman periods is not significant at alpha = 0.05, although such a decrease is expected given epigraphic and other data that refer to prolonged drought and malnutrition in the late Old Kingdom. The calculated chi(2) value of 3.83 is significant at the 0.10 level, however, and since our sample is rather small and the magnitude of the chi-square statistic is a function of sample size, we recommend that future research investigate further the relationship between the frequency of enamel defects and the time period in which they occur.

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“…Of particular note are the associations between weaning stress (e.g. Herring et al, 1998;Katzenberg et al, 1996;Moggi-Cecchi et al, 1994) and earlier age at death (DeWitte and Stojanowski, 2015;Walter and DeWitte, 2017;Yaussy et al, 2016).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

An assessment of linear enamel hypoplasia defects in Early Archaic Texan hunter-gatherers

Berbesque

Hoover

2018

Preprint

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Digital photographs taken under controlled conditions were used to examine the incidence of linear enamel hypoplasia defects (LEHs) in burials from the Buckeye Knoll archaeological site (41VT98 Victoria county, Texas), which spans the Early to Late Archaic Period (ca. 2500-6500 BP uncorrected radiocarbon). The majority (68 of 74 burials) date to the Texas Early Archaic, including one extremely early burial dated to 8,500 BP. The photogrammetric data collection method also results in an archive for Buckeye Knoll, a significant rare Archaic period collection that has been repatriated and reinterred. We analyzed the incidence and developmental timing of LEHs in permanent canines. Fifty-nine percent of permanent canines (n = 54) had at least one defect. There were no significant differences in LEH frequency between the maxillary and mandibular canines (U = 640.5, n1 = 37, n2 = 43, p = .110). The sample studied (n=92) had an overall mean of 0.93 LEH defect per tooth, with a median of one defect, and a mode of zero defects. Average age at first insult was 3.92 (median = 4.00, range = 2.5 -5.4) and the mean age of all insults per individual was 4.18 years old (range = 2.5 -5.67). Age at first insult is consistent with onset of weaning stress-the weaning age range for hunter-gatherer societies is 1-4.5.Having an earlier age of first insult was associated with having more LEHs (n = 54, rho = - Highiights Our study population were hunter-gatherers spanning the Early to Late Archaic period  We analyzed incidence and developmental timing of Linear Enamel Hypoplasia defects in canines  Fifty-nine percent of canines in this population had one or more defects  Average developmental age of first insult was is 3.92 years  Having an earlier age of first insult was associated with having more LEHs AbstractDigital photographs taken under controlled conditions were used to examine the incidence of linear enamel hypoplasia defects (LEHs) in burials from the Buckeye Knoll archaeological site (41VT98 Victoria county, Texas), which spans the Early to Late Archaic Period (ca. 2500-6500 BP uncorrected radiocarbon). The majority (68 of 74 burials) date to the Texas Early Archaic, including one extremely early burial dated to 8,500 BP. The photogrammetric data collection method also results in an archive for Buckeye Knoll, a significant rare Archaic period collection that has been repatriated and reinterred. We analyzed the incidence and developmental timing of LEHs in permanent canines. Fifty-nine percent of permanent canines (n = 54) had at least one defect. There were no significant differences in LEH frequency between the maxillary and mandibular canines (U = 640.5, n1 = 37, n2 = 43, p = .110). The sample studied (n=92) had an overall mean of 0.93 LEH defect per tooth, with a median of one defect, and a mode of zero defects. Average age at first insult was 3.92 (median = 4.00, range = 2.5 -5.4) and the mean age of all insults per individual was 4.18 years old (range = 2.5 -5.67). Age at first insult is consistent with onset of we...

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Enamel hypoplasia and age at weaning in 19th‐century Florence, Italy

Cited by 88 publications

References 14 publications

Enamel hypoplasias and physiological stress in the Sima de los Huesos Middle Pleistocene hominins

Enamel hypoplasias and physiological stress in the Sima de los Huesos Middle Pleistocene hominins

Patterns of dental enamel defects at ancient Mendes, Egypt

An assessment of linear enamel hypoplasia defects in Early Archaic Texan hunter-gatherers

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