Enantioselective Monitoring of Biodegradation of Ketamine and Its Metabolite Norketamine by Liquid Chromatography

Abstract

Ketamine (K) and its main metabolite, norketamine (NK), are chiral compounds that have been found in effluents from wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs) and aquatic environments. Little is known about their enantioselective biodegradation during sewage treatment; however, this information is pivotal for risk assessment, the evaluation of WWTP performance and wastewater epidemiological studies. The aim of this study was to investigate the biodegradation pattern of the enantiomers of K by activated sludge (AS) from a WWTP. For that, an enantioselective liquid chromatography with diode array detection (LC-DAD) method was developed and validated to quantify the enantiomers of K and NK. Both K and NK enantiomers were separated, in the same chromatographic run, using a Lux® 3 µm cellulose-4 analytical column under isocratic elution mode. The method was demonstrated to be linear (r2 > 0.99) and precise (<11.3%). Accuracy ranged between 85.9 and 113.6% and recovery ranged between 50.1 and 86.9%. The limit of quantification was 1.25 µg/mL for the enantiomers of NK and 2.5 µg/mL for K. The method was applied to monitor the biodegradation assay of the enantiomers of K by AS for 14 days. K was poorly biodegraded, less than 15% for both enantiomers, and enantioselectivity in the biodegradation was not observed. The metabolite NK and other possible degradation products were not detected. This work reports, for the first time, the behavior of both enantiomers of K in biodegradation studies.

Interpol Review of Drug Analysis 2019-2022

“…2019 rapid colorimetric sensing system using competitive ELISA test on a microfluidic paper-based analytical device for the detection of ketamine [ 144 ]; 2020 Square wave voltammetry method for on-site determination of ketamine in street samples and seizures [ 145 ]; dual-mode colorimetric and fluorometric nanoprob for detection of ketamine drinks [ 146 ]; trimodal (potentiometric, fluorimetric and colorimetric) paper microfluidic chip device for onsite determination of ketamine hydrochloride as a date rape drug in beverages [ 147 ]; 2021 antibody conjugated boronic acid modified silver chip with MALDI-TOF MS for rapid analysis of ketamine [ 148 ]; cloud-enabled smartphone based fluorescence sensor for quantitative detection of ketamine [ 149 ]; enantioselective monitoring of the biodegradation of ketamine and norketamine in wastewater by LC [ 150 ]; CE-TOF-MS method for detection of ketamine in blood and beverages [ 151 ]; 2022 review of the history of ketamine [ 152 ]; bibliometric analysis about the S-enantiomer of racemic ketamine (esketamine) research published between 2000 and 2020 [ 153 ]; indicator displacement assay for ketamine detection [ 154 ].…”

Síndrome do bebé sacudido

“…Esta ação brusca de agitação pelos ombros ou extremidades, afeta a musculatura cervical pouco desenvolvida, podendo gerar lesões cerebrais características que normalmente não possuem sinais externos, como a hemorragia subdural (HSD), hemorragia subaracnoídea (HSA), hemorragia retiniana (HR), encefalopatia, além de fraturas ósseas. É considerada uma das formas de abuso infantil mais graves que apresenta alta morbidade e mortalidade [1,2,3]. Objetivos: Melhorar a compreensão e perceção da SBS, já que seu diagnóstico é difícil, em consequência de não apresentar sinais visíveis ou óbvios de abuso.…”

“…Indeed, due to their high consumption and continued excretion, PAS are classified as pseudopersistent and present potential short-and longterm risks for aquatic organisms and humans [2]. SCAT are chiral drugs and enantiomers usually exhibit enantioselectivity in many aspects including toxicity [1][2][3]. Furthermore, PAS are designed to change nervous system function, posing unpredictable adverse effects against non-target organisms.…”