Encapsulation against Extrinsic Degradation Factors and Stability Testing of Perovskite Solar Cells

Abstract

Commercialization of perovskite solar technology depends on reaching a stable functioning of the devices. In this regard, both intrinsic (chemistry phenomena of the different device layers) and extrinsic factors (environmental) need to be considered. In this chapter, we report the state of the art of encapsulation techniques against extrinsic degradation mechanisms. Our analysis includes the most common encapsulation structures, materials employed and their by-products, standard methods to test the stability of the devices (accelerated testing, outdoor and degradation monitoring), and security requirements to prevent the health/environmental hazard of lead leakage.

Organosilicon Compounds in Hot-Melt Adhesive Technologies

“…The formulator must consider the desired processing method, working conditions, and price. In general, base polymers have a huge impact on viscosity and rheology, cohesive and adhesive strength, creep and tack, as well as processing and working temperature [ 39 , 40 , 51 , 52 , 53 ]. Common primary resins used in HMAs include ethylene–vinyl acetate (EVA) [ 38 , 43 , 45 , 49 , 50 , 54 ] polyolefins [ 54 , 55 ], styrenic block copolymers (SBC) [ 56 , 57 ], butyl rubber [ 58 , 59 ], polyamides [ 38 , 60 ], and reactive resins [ 48 , 61 ].…”

“…However, the thermoplastic properties of HMAs come at a cost. The heat and creep resistance are limited, a quick rise in viscosity during cooling hinders penetration into the substrate, and a rapid drop in toughness is expected with increased temperature [ 51 ].…”

Improving the Efficiency and Stability of Perovskite Solar Cells by Refining the Perovskite-Electron Transport Layer Interface and Shielding the Absorber from UV Effects

“…Thus, to mitigate the impact of these challenges, it is crucial to comprehensively understand and address the issues related to stability and degradation. PSCs are susceptible to a variety of internal and external factors that compromise their stability and contribute to degradation. − Internal influence factors pertain to aspects within the perovskite material affecting its performance, including composition, ion movement, bond strength among components, and inherent stability. , Conversely, external factors arise from environmental influences and include moisture, temperature, ultraviolet (UV) light, and interface materials. − ,, Researchers have made significant progress in mitigating the impact of external variables. , Notably, strategies, such as careful substrate selection and encapsulation techniques, − have been successful in shielding PSCs from external influences. However, thoroughly investigating the effects of UV radiation on PSCs poses a considerable challenge, necessitating further dedicated research and focus. , …”

“…PSCs are susceptible to a variety of internal and external factors that compromise their stability and contribute to degradation. 9 − 12 Internal influence factors pertain to aspects within the perovskite material affecting its performance, including composition, ion movement, bond strength among components, and inherent stability. 13 , 14 Conversely, external factors arise from environmental influences and include moisture, temperature, ultraviolet (UV) light, and interface materials.…”

“… 13 , 14 Conversely, external factors arise from environmental influences and include moisture, temperature, ultraviolet (UV) light, and interface materials. 9 − 12 , 15 , 16 Researchers have made significant progress in mitigating the impact of external variables. 14 , 17 Notably, strategies, such as careful substrate selection 18 and encapsulation techniques, 19 − 21 have been successful in shielding PSCs from external influences.…”