Encapsulation of Antifouling Organic Biocides in Poly(lactic acid) Nanoparticles

Abstract

The scope of the current research was to assess the feasibility of encapsulating three commercial antifouling compounds, Irgarol 1051, Econea and Zinc pyrithione, in biodegradable poly(lactic acid) (PLA) nanoparticles. The emulsification–solvent evaporation technique was herein utilized to manufacture nanoparticles with a biocide:polymer ratio of 40%. The loaded nanoparticles were analyzed for their size and size distribution, zeta potential, encapsulation efficiency and thermal properties, while the relevant physicochemical characteristics were correlated to biocide–polymer system. In addition, the encapsulation process was scaled up and the prepared nanoparticles were dispersed in a water-based antifouling paint in order to examine the viability of incorporating nanoparticles in such coatings. Metallic specimens were coated with the nanoparticles-containing paint and examined regarding surface morphology.

Smart Nanocontainers: Preparation, Loading/Release Processes and Applications

“…Several biocides have been loaded into the nanocontainers, such as zinc pyrithione and copper pyrithione [98], benzalkonium chloride [99], mercaptobenzothiazole and 4,5-Dichloro-2-octyl-4-isothiazolin-3-one (DCOIT) [100], commercial antifouling compounds [101].…”

Synthesis of Polyamide-Based Microcapsules via Interfacial Polymerization: Effect of Key Process Parameters

“…Encapsulation systems are being constantly developed for three main purposes pertaining to the active compound: (i) shielding of the active compound against environmental conditions such as pH, radiation, temperature and other chemicals, (ii) changing of its physicochemical properties and (iii) more facile and better controlled transfer of the compound to the target [ 1 , 2 , 3 , 4 , 5 , 6 ]. In particular, microcapsule-based encapsulation systems (MCs) consist of the core material and the surrounded shell, with sizes ranging from 1–1000 μm [ 7 , 8 , 9 , 10 ].…”

Microfluidic Encapsulation of Hydrophobic Antifouling Biocides in Calcium Alginate Hydrogels for Controllable Release

“… 5 − 7 This approach can be easily manipulated but often suffers from premature release or degradation of the active biocides. 8 , 9 Excessive amounts of drugs are typically used in the paints to extend their effective time, but this usually causes environmental pollution 10 and possibly leads to macroscopic phase separation in the coatings. 8 Second, the biocides can be immobilized on objects like binders and pigments.…”

“… 8 , 9 Excessive amounts of drugs are typically used in the paints to extend their effective time, but this usually causes environmental pollution 10 and possibly leads to macroscopic phase separation in the coatings. 8 Second, the biocides can be immobilized on objects like binders and pigments. 9 , 11 , 12 Nevertheless, this method is limited to a small number of biocides that satisfy practical requirements or contain a suitable ligand.…”