Encapsulation of antioxidant sea fennel (Crithmum maritimum) aqueous and ethanolic extracts in freeze-dried soy phosphatidylcholine liposomes

Abstract

Soy phosphatidylcholine liposomes encapsulating increasing concentrations of two sea fennel extracts (aqueous and ethanolic) prepared by ultrasonication were freeze-dried, using glycerol as lyoprotectant. Particle properties, water dispersibility, colour, thermal properties and antioxidant capacity (radical scavenging capacity, ferric ion reducing power, Folin-reactive substances) of the liposomal preparations were determined. The freeze-drying process caused an overall increase in particle size and polydispersity index, while the zeta-potential became more electronegative. Both sea fennel extracts were rich in chlorogenic acid (42.61 and 58.48 mg/g for the aqueous and ethanolic extracts, respectively) and showed great antioxidant activity. Vitamin C was identified in the aqueous extract, whereas rutin and rosmarinic acid in the ethanolic one. The entrapment efficiency, determined in the liposomes prepared at the highest extract concentration, was 65.6% and 49.1% for the aqueous extract and the ethanolic extract, respectively. The liposomal antioxidant activity and total phenolic content followed a linear increasing tendency as a result of increasing the extract concentration, irrespective of the type of extract. Higher antioxidant activity was found in the liposomes loaded with the ethanolic extract, in a clear relationship to the greater amount of highly antioxidant phenolic compounds extracted, and also to their lower entrapment efficiency, which caused a greater amount of extract to remain outside the liposome. Both extracts were suitable for producing liposomes with antioxidant properties which could be dried and used to design functional foods.

Preparation, Characterization, and In Vivo Pharmacokinetic Study of the Supercritical Fluid-Processed Liposomal Amphotericin B

“…It has been reported that the liposomes containing drug molecules can be lyophilized and reconstituted with significant drug retention, which is measured as the percent of the encapsulated drug and without a significant change in the mean vesicle size. Cryoprotectants are needed during lyophilization, and sugars, such as sucrose, lactose, and trehalose, are used to protect the liposomes during the freezing stage of the lyophilization cycle [39,40]. Lyophilization with 9% lactose as a cryoprotectant provided physical stability to the liposomes as well as high protection against liposomal drug leakage.…”

Physicochemical, Antioxidant, and Anti-Inflammatory Properties of Rapeseed Lecithin Liposomes Loading a Chia (Salvia hispanica L.) Seed Extract

“…The supernatant was rotaevaporated to remove ethanol, frozen at −80 °C and freeze-dried. The analysis of phenolic composition was performed by reverse-phase high-performance liquid chromatography (RP-HPLC) on a C18 analytical column, following the procedure described in Alemán et al [ 18 ]. Rosmarinic acid and rosmarinic acid-3-O-glucoside were quantified using a calibration curve of the corresponding standard compounds.…”

“…The entrapment efficiency (EE) of the chia extract in L-LEC and L-PPL was determined by measuring the Folin-reactive substances (FRS), following the procedure described by Alemán et al [ 18 ]. The EE was calculated using the following equation: % EE = encapsulated FRS/total FRS × 100 …”

“…), Ferric ion reducing power (FRAP assay, mM Fe 2+ eq. ), and total Folin-reactive substances (FRS, gallic acid equivalent) were determined for empty lecithin liposomes (E-L) and lecithin liposomes loaded with the chia extract (L-LEC), as described in a previous work [ 18 ]. The antioxidant properties of the freeze-dried chia extract were also determined.…”

Methoxy polyethylene glycol–cholesterol modified soy lecithin liposomes for poorlywater‐solubleanticancer drug delivery

“…Among the choices available, soy lecithin (SL), a natural and unsaturated phospholipid obtained from soybean, is commonly used for liposomes preparations due to its specific advantages compared to saturated phospholipids derived from animal sources, including better stability with fewer polyunsaturated fatty acids, low risk of contaminating proteins and/or pathogens, abundant availability in both purified and nonpurified forms, and low production cost 9 . Thus, many studies have been performed assessing the efficacy of SL for preparing liposome‐based drug delivery systems 3,10–12 . However, similar to liposomes produced from other phospholipid sources, soy lecithin liposomes (SLPs) are quickly eliminated from the body, tending to leak the entrapped drugs through the lipid boundary and challenging the high loading of PWSADs due to the limited space within the lipid bilayers 13–15 .…”