Encapsulation of hexylsalicylate in an animal-free chitosan-gum Arabic shell by complex coacervation

Microplastic-Free Microcapsules to Encapsulate Health-Promoting Limonene Oil

“…The EE and payload were 44 ± 3% and 29 ± 2%, respectively. These results appeared in good agreement with the values which had been obtained from microcapsules with a core of hexyl salicylate (HS), regardless of the different analytical technique used (i.e., UV-Vis for HS-microcapsules) [ 10 ]. Interestingly, the standard errors associated with both EE and payload from LM-microcapsules were approximately three-fold lower than those of HS microcapsules (EE %,HS = 47 ± 11% and P %,HS = 40 ± 7%).…”

“…As previously observed by Leclercq, Harlander and Reineccius [ 16 ] from gelatine based microcapsules with a core of LM, this eye-shaped configuration may be ascribable to fast stirring while inducing coacervation, thereby triggering the alignment of the droplets/microcapsules with the flow pattern within the agitated vessel. Moreover, Baiocco, Preece and Zhang [ 10 ] have elucidated that some excess shell-forming material could be deformed around the oil droplets by the agitation during the development of the shell, hence generating the eye shape, as reported for microcapsules with a core of hexyl salicylate within a fCh-GA based shell. Interestingly, the suspended microcapsules did not tend to agglomerate.…”

“…More importantly, LM provides not only a delightful sensation, but also has demonstrated broad-spectrum therapeutic benefits encompassing anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, analgesic, anti-hyperalgesic, immunomodulatory, antinociceptive, anticancer, antigenotoxicity, antidiabetic, antiviral, antiallergic, antimicrobial and gastroprotective effects [ 1 , 6 , 7 ]. Moreover, LM has demonstrated herbicidal and anthelmintic activities [ 8 ], hence may offer a novel, safer and greener bio-alternative to highly popular synthetic pesticides [ 9 ], which are typically delivered using non-degradable microplastic-based carriers [ 10 ]. However, some limitations are associated with LM due to its extreme volatility and thermo-chemical instability [ 11 ].…”

“…As a step forward to comply with the foregoing requirements, noteworthy efforts are being undertaken by researchers to shift towards using more sustainable microplastic-free materials as the shell precursors. In our previous works, we reported the potential of fungally fermented chitosan (fCh) which had proven effective to form shells around model perfume (i.e., hexyl salicylate) and food flavour (i.e., L-Carvone) oils by complex coacervation [ 5 , 10 , 24 ]. When compared to crustacean sourced chitosan, fCh occurs with a relatively lower chitin content, thereby resulting in a larger number of covalently decorated β -glucan branches [ 25 ].…”

The Physicochemical Properties and Antioxidant Activity of Spirulina (Artrhospira platensis) Chlorophylls Microencapsulated in Different Ratios of Gum Arabic and Whey Protein Isolate

“…The absorption peaks of CH ( Figure 1 A) at 3439 cm −1 , 2927 cm −1 , 2855 cm −1 , 1736 cm −1 , 1626 cm −1 , 1385 cm −1 and 1068 cm −1 represented the functional groups O-H stretching, C-H stretching (phytol), C-H bending (methyl and methylene), C-N stretching, C-O stretching (C-17 3 and C-13 3 ), C-N stretching (aromatic system)/N-H bending and C-O stretching, respectively, which was relevant to previous studies [ 27 , 35 ]. The characteristic absorption peak of GA ( Figure 1 B), the absorption peaks at 3410 cm −1 , 2931 cm −1 , 1615 cm −1 , 1417 cm −1 and 1041 cm −1 were associated with O-H stretching, CH- stretching, C=O stretching/N-H bending, C-N stretching and C-O stretching, respectively, which was consistent with previous studies [ 27 , 36 ]. The WPI spectrum ( Figure 1 C) showed mainly absorption bands at 3290 cm −1 , 2960 cm −1 , 1652 cm −1 , 1537 cm −1 , 1396 cm −1 , 1240 cm −1 and 1078 cm −1 , which were indicated O-H stretching, C-H stretching, C=O stretching (amide II), N-H bending (amide II), C-N stretching (amide I), C-O stretching and N-H bending, respectively [ 37 , 38 ].…”