Encapsulation of latex-spheres by moving ice-fronts

Foreign particle behavior at the growth interface of tetrahydrofuran clathrate hydrates

“…Note that pore space growth in the soil model represents encapsulation of all the beads by the growth hydrate. The present result also showed that V c was almost inversely proportional to d, consistent with the theoretical and experimental studies during the growth of ice crystals [18][19][20]. The results suggested that pattern formation of methane hydrates in sediments might be controlled by the same mechanism as a frost heave.…”

“…The results indicated that the bead was pushed by the growth hydrate at a lower growth rate and was encapsulated at a higher growth rate. That is, a critical growth rate V c exists below which a single bead in solution is pushed by the growing hydrate, as theoretically and experimentally shown during the growth of ice crystals [18][19][20]. Fig.…”

“…A critical growth rate exists below which an isolated foreign particle in water is pushed by the growing ice crystal, whereas above this value the particle is encapsulated into the ice crystal [18][19][20]. If the difference in interfacial energies, Dg 0 ¼g sp -(g sl + g pl ), is positive, a liquid film must remain between the crystal and the particle; g sp is the interfacial energy between the solid (crystal) and the particle, g sl is that between the solid and the liquid, and g pl is that between the particle and the liquid.…”