Encapsulation of methotrexate and cyclophosphamide in interpolymer complexes formed between poly acrylic acid and poly ethylene glycol on multi-walled carbon nanotubes as drug delivery systems
“…The synthesis of the SFN-loaded CNTs was adopted from methods described in the literature,49 as illustrated in Figure 1.Figure 1Schematic illustration of the synthesis of CNTs-SFN-MCs.…”
PurposeOver the past 30 years, no consistent survival benefits have been recorded for anticancer agents of advanced hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC), except for the multikinase inhibitor sorafenib (Nexavar®), which clinically achieves only ~3 months overall survival benefit. This modest benefit is attributed to limited aqueous solubility, slow dissolution rate and, consequently, limited absorption from the gastrointestinal tract. Thus, novel formulation modalities are in demand to improve the bioavailability of the drug to attack HCC in a more efficient manner. In the current study, we aimed to design a novel sorafenib-loaded carbon nanotubes (CNTs) formula that is able to improve the therapeutic efficacy of carried cargo against HCC and subsequently investigate the antitumour activity of this formula.Materials and methodsSorafenib was loaded on functionalized CNTs through physical adsorption, and an alginate-based method was subsequently applied to microcapsulate the drug-loaded CNTs (CNTs-SFN). The therapeutic efficacy of the new formula was estimated and compared to that of conventional sorafenib, both in vitro (against HepG2 cells) and in vivo (in a DENA-induced HCC rat model).ResultsThe in vitro MTT anti-proliferative assay revealed that the drug-loaded CNTs formula was at least two-fold more cytotoxic towards HepG2 cells than was sorafenib itself. Moreover, the in vivo animal experiments proved that our innovative formula was superior to conventional sorafenib at all assessed end points. Circulating AFP-L3% was significantly decreased in the CNTs-SFN-MCs-treated group (14.0%) in comparison to that of the DENA (40.3%) and sorafenib (38.8%) groups. This superiority was further confirmed by Western blot analysis and immunofluorescence assessment of some HCC-relevant biomarkers.ConclusionOur results firmly suggest the distinctive cancer-suppressive nature of CNTs-SFN-MCs, both against HepG2 cells in vitro and in a DENA-induced HCC rat model in vivo, with a preferential superiority over conventional sorafenib.
“…The synthesis of the SFN-loaded CNTs was adopted from methods described in the literature,49 as illustrated in Figure 1.Figure 1Schematic illustration of the synthesis of CNTs-SFN-MCs.…”
PurposeOver the past 30 years, no consistent survival benefits have been recorded for anticancer agents of advanced hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC), except for the multikinase inhibitor sorafenib (Nexavar®), which clinically achieves only ~3 months overall survival benefit. This modest benefit is attributed to limited aqueous solubility, slow dissolution rate and, consequently, limited absorption from the gastrointestinal tract. Thus, novel formulation modalities are in demand to improve the bioavailability of the drug to attack HCC in a more efficient manner. In the current study, we aimed to design a novel sorafenib-loaded carbon nanotubes (CNTs) formula that is able to improve the therapeutic efficacy of carried cargo against HCC and subsequently investigate the antitumour activity of this formula.Materials and methodsSorafenib was loaded on functionalized CNTs through physical adsorption, and an alginate-based method was subsequently applied to microcapsulate the drug-loaded CNTs (CNTs-SFN). The therapeutic efficacy of the new formula was estimated and compared to that of conventional sorafenib, both in vitro (against HepG2 cells) and in vivo (in a DENA-induced HCC rat model).ResultsThe in vitro MTT anti-proliferative assay revealed that the drug-loaded CNTs formula was at least two-fold more cytotoxic towards HepG2 cells than was sorafenib itself. Moreover, the in vivo animal experiments proved that our innovative formula was superior to conventional sorafenib at all assessed end points. Circulating AFP-L3% was significantly decreased in the CNTs-SFN-MCs-treated group (14.0%) in comparison to that of the DENA (40.3%) and sorafenib (38.8%) groups. This superiority was further confirmed by Western blot analysis and immunofluorescence assessment of some HCC-relevant biomarkers.ConclusionOur results firmly suggest the distinctive cancer-suppressive nature of CNTs-SFN-MCs, both against HepG2 cells in vitro and in a DENA-induced HCC rat model in vivo, with a preferential superiority over conventional sorafenib.
“…However, the success of RNAi has to mainly rely on the gene carriers to protect the target genes. Many researchers have been working on the discovery of drug and gene carriers with high efficiency and biocompatibility . Electrostatic condensation of macromolecular genes into nanoparticles by cationic carriers has been acknowledged to be a common strategy for the nonviral delivery .…”
has been regarded as an alternative strategy to treat IBD by downregulating TNF-α levels produced by the activated macrophages. [17][18][19][20] However, the success of RNAi has to mainly rely on the gene carriers to protect the target genes. Many researchers have been working on the discovery of drug and gene carriers with high efficiency and biocompatibility. [21][22][23][24][25] Electrostatic condensation of macromolecular genes into nanoparticles by cationic carriers has been acknowledged to be a common strategy for the nonviral delivery. [26][27][28] As reported, polycations acting as gene carriers possess such limitation as lack of superior biocompatibility, insufficient release of delivered genes, easy absorption, and quick elimination in the bloodstream. [29][30][31][32] Therefore, developing new delivery strategies is necessitated to substantially overcome these shortcomings for promoting application of RNAi technology.Polysaccharides such as schizophyllan, curdlan, yeast glucan, lentinan, and auricularian have been introduced as soft matrices to accommodate inorganic nanoparticles, fluorescent dyes, drugs, and oligonucleotides for versatile therapeutic functions due to their unique structural characteristics. [33] Of these, lentinan (LNT for short) has been demonstrated to exist as a triple helix (denoted t-LNT) in water and as a single flexible chain (denoted s-LNT) under such conditions as in dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO), [34,35] in aqueous sodium hydroxide (NaOH) solution with the NaOH concentration higher than 0.08 m, [36] and in water at the temperature of higher than 135 °C. [37] When the DMSO content decreases gradually through adding water or dialysis against water, the s-LNT chains reassemble into the triple helix (denoted r-LNT) owing to the hydrophobic and hydrogen bonding interactions. [38] Moreover, when single polydeoxyadenylic acid (poly(dA)) chains are added during the reassembling process of s-LNT, two s-LNT chains are able to selectively combine a poly(dA) chain via hydrogen bonding to form a novel triple helical hybrid (denoted s-LNT/ poly(dA)) with high thermal stability under the physiological condition, [39] effectively protecting poly(dA) from degradation. Based on these findings, we have established a promising gene delivering vehicle based on the s-LNT/poly(dA) nanocomposite, in which an immune gene of CpG DNA was linked with a poly(dA) tail through a disulfide bond to stimulate IL-12p40
Tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α) is usually regarded as a potential target for inflammatory bowel disease therapy. Herein, a promising strategy for effective delivery of phosphorothioated antisense oligodeoxyribonucleotide of TNF-α (PS-ATNF-α), targeting the intestinal inflammation based on the interaction of the single chain of triple helical β-glucan (s-LNT) with polydeoxyadenylic acid [poly(dA)], and the colon-specific degradation of chitosanalginate (CA) hydrogel, is reported. The target gene of PS-ATNF-α, with a poly(dA) tail through a disulfide bond (-SS-), interacts with s-LNT to form a r...
“…The in vitro release of drugs from nanoparticles showed an initial burst release followed by sustained release, this fact was due to the presence of the drug on the surface of the nanoparticles. The rate of release at this stage was very high and after 1 h, the drug concentration was constant [11].…”
Nanomedicine plays an important role in the diagnosis, treatment, monitoring and control of biological systems in the area of nanotechnology and has been referred by the National Institute of Health (NIH) as an emergent way of medicine. Nanoparticles are new delivery vehicles with the ability to release drugs to a specific cell type or tissue, which may also improve the pharmacological activity of those drugs by controlling their release, as well as prolonging their short half-lives in blood. The aim of this review is to gather several options of MOFs and nanotubes synthesised with different nanoparticles and processes, some including compound loading and release studies, with particular focus on 13 anti-cancer compounds e.g. doxorubicin, curcumin, methotrexate, etc.; 3 anti-inflammatory compounds, namely ibuprofen, salicylic acid and chlorogenic acid; and with 5 miscellaneous bioactive compounds, including rifampicin, griseofulvin, enoxacin, etc. Finally, other biomedical applications for these composites are shown, like being enzyme immobilisation agents, for water treatment e.g. in swimming pools, and other becoming support to carry & secure integrity of drugs.
scite is a Brooklyn-based organization that helps researchers better discover and understand research articles through Smart Citations–citations that display the context of the citation and describe whether the article provides supporting or contrasting evidence. scite is used by students and researchers from around the world and is funded in part by the National Science Foundation and the National Institute on Drug Abuse of the National Institutes of Health.
