Encapsulation of PV modules using ethylene vinyl acetate copolymer as a pottant: A critical review

Czanderna, A. W.; Pern, F. J.

doi:10.1016/0927-0248(95)00150-6

Cited by 502 publications

(359 citation statements)

References 36 publications

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“…The results of the accelerated exposure testing of a sample of EVA laminated between borosilicate glass plates is shown in Figure 6. After each solar exposure, the distinct odor of acetic acid was detected, indicating that the exposure to the concentrated sunlight results in the degradation of the EVA (10,11). The initial increase in transmittance of the laminate structure at 350 nm after exposure most likely results from the photon-induced degradation of UV stabilizers present in the EVA (10,11,12).…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 96%

Ultra accelerated testing of PV module components

Pitts¹,

King²,

Bingham³

et al. 1999

AIP Conference Proceedings

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Abstract. Using concentrated natural sunlight at the NREL High Flux Solar Furnace, we have exposed several materials to acceleration factors of up to 400 times the normal outdoor UV exposure dose. This accelerated rate allows the exposure of materials such that a year of outdoor exposure can be simulated in about 5 hours. We have studied the solarization of cerium containing glass, the degradation of ethylene vinyl acetate laminated between borosilicate glass, and the yellowing of standard polystyrene test coupons. The first two candidates are of interest to the photovoltaics (PV) program, and the last candidate material is a widely used dosimeter for ultra violet (UV) exposure in accelerated weathering chambers.

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Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 96%

Ultra accelerated testing of PV module components

Pitts¹,

King²,

Bingham³

et al. 1999

AIP Conference Proceedings

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“…The UV cut-off wavelengths of float glass and EVA were respectively noted around 320nm and 370nm. The EVA, absorbing UV, acts as a protective filter for particles embedded into switchable windows but UV sensitive particles would still deteriorate under long-term UV exposure (Czanderna, 1996). Knowing the absorbance of the float glass and the EVA layers enabled the calculation of the Napieran attenuation coefficient of the materials and simulation of the transmission through three glass panes 4mm thick and two EVA layers 0.2mm thick (see Fig.…”

Section: Optical Bench Setup and Its Validation With Float Glass And mentioning

confidence: 99%

Switchable Windows - Spectral Transmission and Switching Times

Lemarchand¹,

McLean²,

Norton³

2017

Proceedings of SWC2017/SHC2017

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The switching time and spectral transmission in fully clear and fully opaque states of polymer dispersed liquid crystals (PDLC), suspended particle device (SPD) and electrochromic (EC) switchable windows were evaluated to assess their suitability to control solar heat transmission though glazed façade and comfort to building occupants. The transmission measurement on a SPD film showed a very effective absorption modulation in the visible range but fast decrease in the near infrared region. The switching speed was demonstrated to be related strongly to wavelengths. A SPD film with a larger absorption and faster switching speed in the infrared region was shown to be preferable to control solar heat transfer through glazings and thermal comfort. The PDLC window did not modulate transmission but rather modulated scattering. In the opaque state, the PDLC window was highly scattering resulting in spectral transmission varying at short distances from the window while being constant in the far field. The switching speed measurement demonstrated that liquid-based switchable windows can respond as fast as the eye to have the potential to control spontaneous glare. The EC window demonstrated a lower absorbance efficiency than the SPD in the visible range but appeared to have a much higher efficiency in the infrared region measured. EC windows are characterized by their slow switching speed when compared to SPD and PDLC. This makes them unsuitable for spontaneous glare control and are more suited to predictive solar heat gain control over a defined time horizon. With the increasing integration of adaptive technologies into building facades and to predict the energetical and ambient performance of such buildings and the impact on the occupants' comfort, this paper emphasises on the importance to provide spectral performance information of switchable windows.

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“…Therefore PV devices must be protected against environmental stresses (e.g., ultra-violet radiation, rain, moisture, hail, thermal cycling) [1]. This protection is achieved through a packaging step in which the PV device is encapsulated between glasses and/or foils by the mean of one or two polymer layers.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Compressive‐shear adhesion characterization of polyvinyl‐butyral and ethylene‐vinyl acetate at different curing times before and after exposure to damp‐heat conditions

Chapuis

Pélisset

Raeis-Barnéoud

et al. 2012

Progress in Photovoltaics

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Photovoltaic (PV) module efficiency and reliability are two factors that have an important impact on the final cost of the PV electricity production. It is widely accepted that a good adhesion between the encapsulant and the different substrates of a PV module is needed to ensure long-term reliability. Several testing procedures exist that use a metric derived from the force at interface failure to characterize the adhesion. It has, however, not been demonstrated that those metrics relate directly to the interfacial adhesion (defined as the surface energy density needed to break interfacial bonds), and the obtained results usually relate to an apparent adhesion strength. In this work, we describe a new design for compressive-shear testing of polymer layers bonded to rigid substrates. We use it to characterize real interfacial adhesion of ethylene-vinyl acetate (EVA) and polyvinyl-butyral (PVB) to a glass substrate before and after degradation in damp-heat. Our results show that a peak-force based metric is unable to capture the evolution of adhesion through degradation, and a new metric based on the elastic strain energy of the encapsulant is proposed. Moreover, we show that PVB adhesion to glass is much more affected by damp-heat exposure where polymer saturation takes place, in comparison with the adhesion of EVA to glass. The presented characterization protocol is a powerful tool that can help in assessing the reliability of an encapsulant facing specific degradation conditions.

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Encapsulation of PV modules using ethylene vinyl acetate copolymer as a pottant: A critical review

Cited by 502 publications

References 36 publications

Ultra accelerated testing of PV module components

Ultra accelerated testing of PV module components

Switchable Windows - Spectral Transmission and Switching Times

Compressive‐shear adhesion characterization of polyvinyl‐butyral and ethylene‐vinyl acetate at different curing times before and after exposure to damp‐heat conditions

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