Encapsulation of Sn@carbon Nanoparticles in Bamboo‐like Hollow Carbon Nanofibers as an Anode Material in Lithium‐Based Batteries

Yu, Yan; Gu, Lin; Wang, Chunlei; Dhanabalan, Abirami; Aken, Peter A. van; Maier, Joachim

doi:10.1002/anie.200901723

Cited by 566 publications

(409 citation statements)

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“…Microwave irradiation, which reduces reaction time dramatically due to the unique microwave dielectric heating mechanism, [24] has enabled efficient preparation and modification of various materials such as metal-organic frameworks, [25] graphene sheets, [26] nanoparticles, [27] and metal oxide/graphene hybrids. [28] However, to the best of our knowledge, microwave-assisted oxidation of ECNFs has not yet been documented, as noted in the comprehensive review of structure modification strategies for ECNFs by Inagaki et al [13] Common methods to control ECNF structures and properties include variation of carbonization conditions [15,20,21] and incorporation of functional ingredients such as Pd, [16] Si, [17] Sn, [18] and Pt [29] nanoparticles. Polyacrylonitrile (PAN)-derived ECNFs [21,23] are structurally different from CNTs and graphite [7][8][9] in that they exhibit turbostratic carbon structures with nanosized graphite domains and abundant edge defects.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Microwave-Assisted Oxidation of Electrospun Turbostratic Carbon Nanofibers for Tailoring Energy Storage Capabilities

Mao

Yang

et al. 2015

Chem. Mater.

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We report the systematic structural manipulation of turbostratic electrospun carbon nanofibers (ECNFs) using a microwave-assisted oxidation process, which is extremely rapid, highly controllable, and affords controlled variation of the capacitive energy storage capabilities of ECNFs. We find a non-monotonic relationship between the oxidation degree of ECNFs and their electrocapacitive performance, and present a detailed study on the electronic and crystalline structures of ECNFs to elucidate the origin of this non-monotonic relation. The ECNFs with an optimized oxidation level show ultrahigh capacitances at high operation rates, exceptional cycling performance and an excellent energy-power combination. We have identified three key factors required for optimal energy storage performance for turbostratic carbon systems: (i) an abundance of surface oxides, (ii) microstructural integrity and (iii) an appropriate interlayer spacing.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Microwave-Assisted Oxidation of Electrospun Turbostratic Carbon Nanofibers for Tailoring Energy Storage Capabilities

Mao

Yang

et al. 2015

Chem. Mater.

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“…Thus, much research has been focused on high capacity materials such as silicon (4200 mAh/g), [1][2][3][4][5][6] germanium (1623 mAh/g), [7][8][9][10][11][12][13] and tin (993 mAh/g) [14][15][16][17][18][19] to replace the graphite anode. The oxides of these metals (SiO, [20][21][22][23] Germanium dioxide nanoparticles have been previously studied as anode material for LIBs and were reported to react with up to 9 Li + during the first discharge cycle.…”

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confidence: 99%

Catalytic Role of Ge in Highly Reversible GeO₂/Ge/C Nanocomposite Anode Material for Lithium Batteries

et al. 2013

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GeO2/Ge/C anode material synthesized using a simple method involving simultaneous carbon coating and reduction by acetylene gas is composed of nanosized GeO2/Ge particles coated by a thin layer of carbon, which is also interconnected between neighboring particles to form clusters of up to 30 μm. The GeO2/Ge/C composite shows a high capacity of up to 1860 mAh/g and 1680 mAh/g at 1 C (2.1 A/g) and 10 C rates, respectively. This good electrochemical performance is related to the fact that the elemental germanium nanoparticles present in the composite increases the reversibility of the conversion reaction of GeO2. These factors have been found through investigating and comparing GeO2/Ge/C, GeO2/C, nanosized GeO2, and bulk GeO2.

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“…[6,[21][22][23][24][25][26][27][28] Metal anodes, especially those with high-capacity and low-cost are promising alternative anode materials for LIBs in replace of graphite anode. [29][30][31][32][33][34] Generally, the metal anodes electrochemically alloy/ de-alloy with Li + to complete the battery reaction, which can store more energy than the intercalation/deintercalation mechanism in graphite. Table 1 displays the electrochemical properties of typical metallic anodes (Al, Sn, Zn, Mg, Sb, and Bi) with Li and graphite for comparison.…”

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confidence: 99%

Low‐Cost Metallic Anode Materials for High Performance Rechargeable Batteries

Wang

Zhang

Lee

et al. 2017

Advanced Energy Materials

196

107

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density. Therefore, developing highcapacity anode and cathode materials or new battery systems have drawn extensive attentions. [6,[21][22][23][24][25][26][27][28] Metal anodes, especially those with high-capacity and low-cost are promising alternative anode materials for LIBs in replace of graphite anode. [29][30][31][32][33][34] Generally, the metal anodes electrochemically alloy/ de-alloy with Li + to complete the battery reaction, which can store more energy than the intercalation/deintercalation mechanism in graphite. Table 1 displays the electrochemical properties of typical metallic anodes (Al, Sn, Zn, Mg, Sb, and Bi) with Li and graphite for comparison. While the graphite anodes suffer from low capacity (372 mA h g −1 ) and Li anodes suffer from severe safety issues caused by lithium dendrites, these metal anodes have many advantages in terms of high theoretical capacities, moderate operation potential for less dendrites formation, high abundance and low cost. [35] For example, aluminum has high theoretical capacity (993 mA h g −1 or 1411 mA h cm −3 for LiAl) with moderate potential plateau (≈0.38 V vs Li + /Li). [35,36] Considering both of the capacity increase and voltage drop by using metal anodes in a LIB model, Obrovac et al. calculated the volumetric energy increase in comparison to graphite based commercial battery (Table 1). [37] In such a model, the volumetric energy densities could be increased by different extents ranging from 10-42% when metal anodes were used. It is worth noticing that some recent studies have raised the idea of directly using metal foil as active anode material and simultaneously current collector. [38,39] This strategy can eliminate the usage of binder and conductive carbon black for anode preparation, simplify the battery processing steps, and also increase the loading amount of active materials, thus further enhancing the energy density and reducing the battery prices.While the metal anodes show good potential for application in high-performance LIBs, the main challenge for these metallic anodes is their large volume change caused by lithiation/delithiation process during cycling. [37,40,41] As the lithiation proceeds more deeply, the volume change becomes more severely for alloying anodes. For instance, the volume change of Sn (260%, Li 4.4 Sn) is larger than Al (97%, LiAl). The huge volume change could cause crack and pulverization of metal anodes, resulting in quick capacity decay and short cycling life. [42][43][44][45][46] Besides, metallic anode materials usually exhibited high first-cycle capacity loss due to their high reactivity withThe ever-growing market of portable electronic devices and electric vehicles has significantly stimulated research interests on new-generation rechargeable battery systems with high energy density, satisfying safety and low cost. With unique potentials to achieve high energy density and low cost, rechargeable batteries based on metal anodes are capable of storing more energy via an alloying/de-alloying process, in comparison to tradi...

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Encapsulation of Sn@carbon Nanoparticles in Bamboo‐like Hollow Carbon Nanofibers as an Anode Material in Lithium‐Based Batteries

Cited by 566 publications

References 37 publications

Microwave-Assisted Oxidation of Electrospun Turbostratic Carbon Nanofibers for Tailoring Energy Storage Capabilities

Microwave-Assisted Oxidation of Electrospun Turbostratic Carbon Nanofibers for Tailoring Energy Storage Capabilities

Catalytic Role of Ge in Highly Reversible GeO₂/Ge/C Nanocomposite Anode Material for Lithium Batteries

Low‐Cost Metallic Anode Materials for High Performance Rechargeable Batteries

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Encapsulation of Sn@carbon Nanoparticles in Bamboo‐like Hollow Carbon Nanofibers as an Anode Material in Lithium‐Based Batteries

Cited by 566 publications

References 37 publications

Microwave-Assisted Oxidation of Electrospun Turbostratic Carbon Nanofibers for Tailoring Energy Storage Capabilities

Microwave-Assisted Oxidation of Electrospun Turbostratic Carbon Nanofibers for Tailoring Energy Storage Capabilities

Catalytic Role of Ge in Highly Reversible GeO2/Ge/C Nanocomposite Anode Material for Lithium Batteries

Low‐Cost Metallic Anode Materials for High Performance Rechargeable Batteries

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Catalytic Role of Ge in Highly Reversible GeO₂/Ge/C Nanocomposite Anode Material for Lithium Batteries