Encephalitis in Etiology of Parkinsonism in Australia

Eadie, Mervyn J.; Sutherland, John M.; Doherty, R. L.

doi:10.1001/archneur.1965.00460270016002

Cited by 20 publications

(3 citation statements)

References 18 publications

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“…The average age at onset of parkinsonism in the study by Duvoisin et al (14) was 56.8. In Eadie, Sutherland and Doherty's study from Australia (15), it was 59.6 for paralysis agitans.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 91%

Concentric Hyalin Intraneuronal Inclusions of Lewy Type in the Brains of Elderly Persons (50 Incidental Cases): Relationship to Parkinsonism

Forno

1969

J American Geriatrics Society

202

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The significance of the intracytoplasmic hyalin neuronal inclusions first described by Lewy over fifty years ago is discussed on the basis of an analysis of 50 autopsy cases in which Lewy bodies were an incidental finding. Lewy bodies were not found in any person younger than 62 in this series. The distribution of the inclusions was similar to that in 21 cases of idiopathic parkinsonism, and in half the cases there was similar although less severe, nerve-cell lose in the substantia nigra. Twenty-two per cent of the incidental cases eventually proved to have had some mild clinical symptomatology that might indicate parkinsonism.It is suggested that Lewy bodies are related to a specific abnormality of nerve-cell metabolism, affecting the neuromelanincontaining nerve cells in particular, and related to idiopathic parkinsonism rather than to age alone. Incidental cases may represent mild, early and preclinical cases of parkinsonism.In 1912 Lewy (1) described inclusions in the cytoplasm of nerve cells of the dorsal motor vagus nucleus and the innominate substance in patients with parkinsonism. Similar bodies were later found in the substantia nigra and the locus caeruleus. When it became established [Tretiakoff 1919 (2), Hassler 1938 (31, Greenfield and Bosanquet 1953, Bethlem and den Hartog Jager 1960 (5) and several others] that the most obvious pathological change in parkinsonism is a degeneration of the pigmented nuclei in the brain stem, Lewy bodies also were recognized as a part of the pathological process in these areas in paralysis agitans. In post-encephalitic parkinsonism, neurofibrillary tangles have been described as a more characteristic finding by most authors, but there are well documented cases of post-encephalitic parkinsonism in which Lewy bodies were found-for example, the cases described by Redlich in 1930 ( 6 ) , and by Lipkin in 1959 (7). A number of authors have reported the finding of Lewy bodies in brains from elderly

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“…The average age at onset of parkinsonism in the study by Duvoisin et al (14) was 56.8. In Eadie, Sutherland and Doherty's study from Australia (15), it was 59.6 for paralysis agitans.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 91%

Concentric Hyalin Intraneuronal Inclusions of Lewy Type in the Brains of Elderly Persons (50 Incidental Cases): Relationship to Parkinsonism

Forno

1969

J American Geriatrics Society

202

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“…Die virale Genese für die Encephalitis lethargica wird zwar vermutet, ist aber noch nicht bewiesen, da bisher kein Virusnachweis gelungen ist. Eine ähnliche Situation stellt sich auch für das idiopathische Parkinson-Syndrom dar: Auch hier wurde lange eine virale Ätiologie vermutet -daher wurden zahlreiche Studien durchgeführt, die den postenzephalitisehen und idiopathischen Parkinson in bezug auf Klinik und Verlauf verglichen (12,14,26,50). Generell kam man zu dem Schluß, daß der postenzephalitisehe Parkinson neben anderen (vaskulär, toxisch etc.)…”

Section: Probleme Und Fragenunclassified

Encephalitis lethargica - eine neuropsychiatrische Erkrankung

Northoff¹

1992

Fortschr Neurol Psychiatr

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Encephalitis lethargica is presented as an exemplaric neuropsychiatric illness. Its history, the symptoms and the diagnostics, as well as its pathology and therapy are illuminated. Finally, specific problems and questions with regard to encephalitis lethargica are discussed: the question of a viral genesis and of a probable reappearance of the apparently disappeared encephalitis lethargica, the problems concerning the account for the neurological and psychiatric symptoms, and the question of role and function of the basal ganglia.

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“…Historically, the most important of these is encephalitis lethargica or Von Economo encephalitis (8,9). This epidemic began in Austria in 1916 and spread through the world, peaking in the United States in 1923 (10). This disease had virtually disap-H .…”

Section: Figmentioning

confidence: 99%

What is it? Case 1, 1987: Unusual tremors, bradykinesia, and cerebral lucencies

Shale¹,

Fahn²,

Lang³

1987

Movement Disorders

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The patient is a right-handed man who had been a bank executive. He claimed to have been in good health until September 1985, when at the age of 39 he developed a fever to 104°F and was hospitalized. During the hospitalization he was said to have been very lethargic and having problems with calculations and memory. He developed abnormal involuntary movements of his right arm at that time, which were described as "masturbatory," as well as total body slowness and slurred speech.Laboratory tests were significant, with a platelet count of 122,000, a cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) protein level of 71 mg/dl, and elevated liver function tests. An electroencephalogram (EEG) was normal. Computed tomography (CT) scan of the brain showed bilateral areas of decreased density adjacent to the thalami, with periventricular extension of the low density areas to the posterior horns of the lateral ventricle (Fig. 1). A brain scan was normal, and he was treated with Acyclovir for presumptive herpes encephalitis. Over the next 10 days, his level of consciousness improved although he did not return to his baseline mental status, and the abnormal movements of his right arm, although decreased, never fully disappeared.In March 1986 the same movements began to increase in amplitude and in June 1986 the same movements appeared in the left hand. The hand movements interfered with his ability to eat, shave, or dress himself, and he was completely unable to write. In November 1986 he noted a mild tremor of his head and in the beginning of January 1987 he noted a tremor in the right foot when he lifted it off the ground. Other new symptoms were postural instability with a tendency to retropulse, progressively stooped posture when he walked, slurred speech, a blank facial expression, and nocturnal drooling. He also had difficulties with short term memory. Toward the end of January, the tremor in the right foot increased and he developed a tremor in the left foot. Trials of trihexyphenidyl, haloperidol, propranolol, levodopa, amantadine, and primidone were unsuccessful.Case report and videotape were submitted by Heidi Shale and Stanley Fahn. 321

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Encephalitis in Etiology of Parkinsonism in Australia

Cited by 20 publications

References 18 publications

Concentric Hyalin Intraneuronal Inclusions of Lewy Type in the Brains of Elderly Persons (50 Incidental Cases): Relationship to Parkinsonism

Concentric Hyalin Intraneuronal Inclusions of Lewy Type in the Brains of Elderly Persons (50 Incidental Cases): Relationship to Parkinsonism

Encephalitis lethargica - eine neuropsychiatrische Erkrankung

What is it? Case 1, 1987: Unusual tremors, bradykinesia, and cerebral lucencies

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