Encoding-decoding of nonverbal emotional messages: Sex differences in spontaneous and enacted expressions

Fujita, Byron N.; Harper, Robert G.; Wiens, Arthur N.

doi:10.1007/bf00986815

Cited by 47 publications

(29 citation statements)

References 9 publications

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“…In these identification, females showed better decoding abilities than males. The results of Fujita, Harper, and Wiens (1980) showed that females were significantly better than males in an enacting display, although no significant difference was shown for spontaneous display. Despite great cultural differences between Western and Far Eastern societies, females in both cultures are permitted free expression of emotion.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 82%

Sex differences in emotion recognition by observing body movements

Sogon

Izard²

1987

Jpn. Psychol. Res

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This study explores the differences in decoding abilities between American males and females, who judged emotion by observing the body movements of Japanese actors/actresses with back turned toward the viewer. The stimuli consisted of 8 mm motion pictures, divided into 6-s scenes which contained 114 scenes. On the film, each of the four actors/actresses posed body movements for the each of the seven fundamental emotion categories of joy, surprise, fear, sadness, disgust, anger and contempt, and the three affective-cognitive structures of affection, anticipation and acceptance. Both male and female subjects identified reliably the emotion of fear, sadness, anger and disgust. Moreover, females were better decoders than males regarding the body movement patterns of disgust, fear, and sadness. Compared to the body movements of the negative emotions, those of the positive emotion for joy and affectivecognitive categories of affection and acceptance were not so well identified.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 82%

Sex differences in emotion recognition by observing body movements

Sogon

Izard²

1987

Jpn. Psychol. Res

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“…But, not exclusively. Human females from early childhood to adult age are more expressive than males (e.g., Fujita et al 1980;Tucker and Friedman 1993) and expressive individuals seem to influence the mood of other individuals and not otherwise (Friedman and Riggio 1981). Unexpressive individuals are often misinterpreted and perceived as boring and uninteresting (Cole 1997).…”

Section: Facial Behavior and Personalitymentioning

confidence: 98%

Universals and individuality in facial behavior—past and future of an evolutionary perspective

Gaspar

2006

acta ethol

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Multiple dimensions of facial expression research are reviewed with emphasis in the study of species' homology in both facial action single components and patterns or gestalten. Research over the last 30 years has revealed human universal patterns and some cross-species gestalten that appear as homologies. Recently, researchers are looking into the importance of individuality markers in facial behavior, which can play an important role in the fitness of individuals living in complex social systems and thus might be traceable in their evolutionary path. Chimpanzees, bonobos, and humans were in the center of most of this research with research results pointing toward homologies within the Homo-Pan clade.

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“…It may be that male-male interactions are more focused on dominance issues, and nonsmiling expressions tend to be rated as more dominant than smiling expressions (Keating, 1985). It may be that expressivity in general among men is less positively regarded (Fujita, Harper, & Wiens, 1980). Darwin (1872Darwin ( /1965 noted that men often refrain from weeping in response to pain, perhaps because weeping is "thought weak and unmanly" (p. 153).…”

Section: Theoretically Predicted Moderators Of Differences In Smilingmentioning

confidence: 99%

The contingent smile: A meta-analysis of sex differences in smiling.

LaFrance¹,

Hecht²,

Paluck³

2003

Psychological Bulletin

435

288

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The authors present a meta-analysis of sex differences in smiling based on 448 effect sizes derived from 162 research reports. There was a statistically significant tendency for women and adolescent girls to smile more than men and adolescent boys (d ϭ 0.41). The authors hypothesized that sex differences in smiling would be larger when concerns about gender-appropriate behavior were made more conspicuous, situational constraints were absent or ambiguous, or emotion (especially negative) was salient. It was also predicted that the size of the sex difference in smiling would vary by culture and age. Moderator analysis supported these predictions. Although men tend to smile less than women, the degree to which this is so is contingent on rules and roles.It is virtually a cliché of Western culture that women are both more emotional and more expressive than men. Although the extent of sex differences 1 in measured emotionality remains in dispute (Brody, 1997;Fischer, 1993;LaFrance & Banaji, 1992), there is substantial agreement that women are more overtly expressive than men

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Encoding-decoding of nonverbal emotional messages: Sex differences in spontaneous and enacted expressions

Cited by 47 publications

References 9 publications

Sex differences in emotion recognition by observing body movements

Sex differences in emotion recognition by observing body movements

Universals and individuality in facial behavior—past and future of an evolutionary perspective

The contingent smile: A meta-analysis of sex differences in smiling.

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