Encoding-imagery specificity in alcohol state-dependent learning.

Weingartner, Herbert; Adefris, Wolansa; Eich, James Eric; Murphy, Dennis L.

doi:10.1037/0278-7393.2.1.83

Cited by 57 publications

(35 citation statements)

References 11 publications

Supporting

Mentioning

Contrasting

Unclassified

Order By: Relevance

“…Finally, in situations in which retrieval is tested in the absence of explicit list or copy cues, specifically, the tasks of free recall (Bustamante, Jordan, Vila, Gonzalez, & Insua, 1970, Cases 05 and 06;Bustamante, Rossello, Jordan, Pradere, & Insua, 1968, Cases 03 and 04;Darley et al, 1974, Case 12;Miller et aI., 1978, Experiment 2, Case 32; R. C. Petersen, 1977, Cases 3941;Weingartner, 1978 (Goodwin et aI., 1969, Case 27;Hill et al, 1973, Cases 28 and 29;Stillman et al, 1974, Case 47;Weingartner, Eich, & Allen, 1973, Case 54), it is convenient to assume that information necessary for retrieval is carried by invisible cues:…”

Section: Sources Of the Unpredictability Of State-dependent Retrievalmentioning

confidence: 99%

The cue-dependent nature of state-dependent retrieval

1980

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

An enduring problem in the study of human state-dependent retrieval concerns the apparent unpredictability of the phenomenon. Although many investigators have observed that utilization of information in episodic memory critically depends for its success on restoration, at the time of attempted retrieval, of the pharmacological state in which the information was originally acquired, many others have been unable to find evidence of such state-dependent effects. Indeed, negative results are so common that human state dependence has come to be popularly regarded as an untrustworthy phenomenon of little practical or theoretical significance. The message of this article is that the unpredictability of state-dependent effects in man is more apparent than real. Evidence is presented to the effect that, with very few exceptions, failures to demonstrate state dependence are restricted to situations in which utilization of stored information is tested in the presence of discretely identifiable retrieval cues, and successes, to situations in which retrieval occurs in the absence of any observable reminders. It is also shown that when the conditions of retrieval, with respect to the presence or absence of explicit cues, remain constant, the probability of demonstrating state dependence also remains constant across a relatively broad spectrum of experimental conditions. Speculations about the nature of the cognitive mechanisms underlying the so-called "cuing effect" in human state dependence are offered, and promising new directions for research are outlined.

show abstract

Section: Sources Of the Unpredictability Of State-dependent Retrievalmentioning

confidence: 99%

The cue-dependent nature of state-dependent retrieval

1980

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

show abstract

“…The effects of alcohol on human information processing have been well studied (e.g., Jones, 1973;Parker et al, /976;Ryback, 1971;Storm and Caird, 1967;Tharp et al, 1974), and while some of the evidence regarding its capacity to produce statedependency is equivocal (e.g., Goodwin et al, /974;Jones, ~973;Parker et al, 1976), the majority of the data appear to indicate that alcohol does produce state-dependent learning in man (e.g., Goodwin et al, 1969;Storm and Caird, 1967;Weingartner et al, 1976;Weingartner and Faillace, 1971). In a comprehensive study of alcohol's amnestic properties, Jones (1973) concluded that immediate, short-term, and long-term memory are all influenced by alcohol ingestion, but that short-term memory seems to be particularly susceptible to disruption, especially on the ascending limb of the blood alcohol curve.…”

mentioning

confidence: 96%

Retrieval failures in alcohol state-dependent learning

Petersen

1977

Psychopharmacology

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

Retrieval processes subject to disruption by alteration of drug conditions were studied in a state-dependent learning experiment. On the first day of the 2-day experiment, 28 human subjects performed four verbal learning tasks in either an alcohol state (1.0 ml/kg) or a sober state, and the next day they attempted to recall the material in either the same or in an altered condition. Two of the tasks involved recall cues or prompts, and the other two required the subjects to recall the material unaided. Results indicated state-dependency on the two tasks that did not involve recall cues and no state-dependency on the two tasks involving cues. This finding indicates that memory failures resulting from a changed drug state can be reversed by appropriate experimental cueing or prompting, and implies that a learner's drug state has stimulus properties for recall. The role of drugs in contributing to a person's cognitive context and the resultant effects on memory are discussed.

show abstract

“…The less cues are associated with items to be remembered, the more likely alcohol will interfere with recall performance [14,18]. The very fact that images about typical dysphoric (affective) states are not associ ated with specific spatiotemporal cues is likely to make these images more vulnerable to amnestic effects of alcohol.…”

Section: Cognitive Appraisal O F Affective Statesmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Studies of memory for verbal materials demonstrate that contextual factors (cueing) can be critical in determining whether alco hol interferes with recall performance [14,18]. The less cues are associated with items to be remembered, the more likely alcohol will interfere with recall performance [14,18].…”

Section: Cognitive Appraisal O F Affective Statesmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…And yet alcoholics report progressive increases in dysphoric mood during periods of sustained alcohol intake [10,16]. This discrepancy in how alcoholics report behavioral effects of drinking may be explained by the fact that both alcohol abuse [10,14,16,18] and affective symptoms [2] may alter memory performance. However, a number of methodological problems compli cate study of this area.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

See 1 more Smart Citation

Self-Ratings of Typical Mood and Behavior during Recovery from Alcohol Abuse

West¹,

1986

Psychopathology

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

Male alcoholic subjects were asked to rate their own typical dysphoric mood states soon after admission for alcohol detoxification and again following 2 weeks of recovery from alcohol abuse. Self-ratings of typical dysphoric mood decreased following 2 weeks of recovery from alcohol abuse while self-ratings of typical impulsive behaviors remained unchanged. Within subjects, the magnitude of change in ratings of typical dysphoric mood during the first 2 weeks of recovery from alcohol abuse correlated highly with the level of typical dysphoric mood measured at the onset of alcohol treatment.

show abstract

Encoding-imagery specificity in alcohol state-dependent learning.

Cited by 57 publications

References 11 publications

The cue-dependent nature of state-dependent retrieval

The cue-dependent nature of state-dependent retrieval

Retrieval failures in alcohol state-dependent learning

Self-Ratings of Typical Mood and Behavior during Recovery from Alcohol Abuse

Contact Info

Product

Resources

About