Encoding Predictive Reward Value in Human Amygdala and Orbitofrontal Cortex

Gottfried, Jay A.; O’Doherty, John P.; Dolan, Raymond J.

doi:10.1126/science.1087919

Cited by 1,050 publications

(869 citation statements)

References 27 publications

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“…Similar results in the amygdala, which together with the OFC constitutes part of the structural appetitive/approach network that underpins Pavlovian incentive and motivated behavior (Gottfried et al, 2003;O'Doherty et al, 2003), and is commonly associated with regulation of emotion (Hare et al, 2005), lend further support for greater task-related emotional suppression or similar competing, extraneous or idiosyncratic factors operating in the "flat" cocaine subgroup. However, because the current correlation between SSG-R and OFC/IFG was driven by the "non-flat" cocaine group (and not the "flat" cocaine group), this interpretation remains tentative.…”

Section: The Ofc/ifg In the Constrained Subjective Sensitivity To Relmentioning

confidence: 58%

Subjective sensitivity to monetary gradients is associated with frontolimbic activation to reward in cocaine abusers

Goldstein

Tomasi

Alia‐Klein

et al. 2007

Drug and Alcohol Dependence

107

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Drug addiction is characterized by marked disruptions in the ability to process reward. Here we evaluated in cocaine addicted and healthy control participants the subjective sensitivity to reward gradients and its association with neural responses to sustained reward. A self-report questionnaire was used to assess the former. A functional magnetic resonance imaging task that utilized monetary reward as feedback in a blocked design was used to assess the latter. Results revealed that whereas control subjects valued high money more than low money, over half of the cocaine addicted subjects valued all monetary amounts equally. This compromised subjective sensitivity to gradients in reward value was significantly correlated with higher activations to money in the lateral orbitofrontal cortex/inferior frontal gyrus (BA 47) and amygdala, and lower activations in the middle frontal gyrus (BA 6), which together explained 85% of the variability on this rating scale in the cocaine abusers only. These results provide for the first time evidence of restricted subjective sensitivity to gradients of reward in cocaine addiction and of the involvement of frontolimbic brain regions (including the orbitofrontal cortex) in this deficit.

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Section: The Ofc/ifg In the Constrained Subjective Sensitivity To Relmentioning

confidence: 58%

Subjective sensitivity to monetary gradients is associated with frontolimbic activation to reward in cocaine abusers

Goldstein

Tomasi

Alia‐Klein

et al. 2007

Drug and Alcohol Dependence

107

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“…In line with this suggestion, human appetitive conditioning has generally been successfully evidenced using subjective measures (e.g., US expectancy and CS valence ratings; Van Gucht, Baeyens, Vansteenwegen, Hermans, & Beckers, 2010; Van Gucht, Vansteenwegen, Van den Bergh, & Beckers, 2008), behavioral measures (e.g., reaction times; Pool, Brosch, Delplanque, & Sander, 2014; Pool, Delplanque et al, 2014; Van Gucht et al, 2008), or brain activity (e.g., Delgado, 2007; Franken, Huijding, Nijs, & van Strien, 2011; Gottfried, O'Doherty, & Dolan, 2002, 2003; Klucken et al, 2009; Prévost, McNamee, Jessup, Bossaerts, & O'Doherty, 2013), whereas the use of peripheral physiology measures (e.g., skin conductance response, SCR) has mainly yielded mixed or inconclusive results (see, e.g., Hermann et al, 2000). Developing psychophysiological indicators of appetitive conditioning thus constitutes an important purpose to eventually remedy the scarcity of knowledge about key mechanisms involved in emotional learning in humans.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Measuring Pavlovian appetitive conditioning in humans with the postauricular reflex

et al. 2018

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Despite its evolutionary and clinical significance, appetitive conditioning has been rarely investigated in humans. It has been proposed that this discrepancy might stem from the difficulty in finding suitable appetitive stimuli that elicit strong physiological responses. However, this might also be due to a possible lack of sensitivity of the psychophysiological measures commonly used to index human appetitive conditioning. Here, we investigated whether the postauricular reflex—a vestigial muscle microreflex that is potentiated by pleasant stimuli relative to neutral and unpleasant stimuli—may provide a valid psychophysiological indicator of appetitive conditioning in humans. To this end, we used a delay differential appetitive conditioning procedure, in which a neutral stimulus was contingently paired with a pleasant odor (CS+), while another neutral stimulus was not associated with any odor (CS−). We measured the postauricular reflex, the startle eyeblink reflex, and skin conductance response (SCR) as learning indices. Taken together, our results indicate that the postauricular reflex was potentiated in response to the CS+ compared with the CS−, whereas this potentiation extinguished when the pleasant odor was no longer delivered. In contrast, we found no evidence for startle eyeblink reflex attenuation in response to the CS+ relative to the CS−, and no effect of appetitive conditioning was observed on SCR. These findings suggest that the postauricular reflex is a sensitive measure of human appetitive conditioning and constitutes a valuable tool for further shedding light on the basic mechanisms underlying emotional learning in humans.

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“…For example, fMRI studies of odor–visual association (or integration) have shown that a visual cue previously associated with an odor can, in the absence of odor stimulation, elicit neural activity in the primary olfactory cortex (Gottfried et al. 2003, 2004). In this paradigm, stimulus‐evoked activity within the hippocampus and orbitofrontal cortex was also shown to be experience dependent (Gottfried et al.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…In this paradigm, stimulus‐evoked activity within the hippocampus and orbitofrontal cortex was also shown to be experience dependent (Gottfried et al. 2003). Importantly, olfactory associative memory can occur very quickly, in some cases with a single trial (Sullivan et al.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Rapidly acquired multisensory association in the olfactory cortex

et al. 2015

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BackgroundThe formation of an odor percept in humans is strongly associated with visual information. However, much less is known about the roles of learning and memory in shaping the multisensory nature of odor representations in the brain.MethodThe dynamics of odor and visual association in olfaction was investigated using three functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) paradigms. In two paradigms, a visual cue was paired with an odor. In the third, the same visual cue was never paired with an odor. In this experimental design, if the visual cue was not influenced by odor–visual pairing, then the blood‐oxygen‐level‐dependent (BOLD) signal elicited by subsequent visual cues should be similar across all three paradigms. Additionally, intensity, a major dimension of odor perception, was used as a modulator of associative learning which was characterized in terms of the spatiotemporal behavior of the BOLD signal in olfactory structures.ResultsA single odor–visual pairing cue could subsequently induce primary olfactory cortex activity when only the visual cue was presented. This activity was intensity dependent and was also detected in secondary olfactory structures and hippocampus.ConclusionThis study provides evidence for a rapid learning response in the olfactory system by a visual cue following odor and visual cue pairing. The novel data and paradigms suggest new avenues to explore the dynamics of odor learning and multisensory representations that contribute to the construction of a unified odor percept in the human brain.

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Encoding Predictive Reward Value in Human Amygdala and Orbitofrontal Cortex

Cited by 1,050 publications

References 27 publications

Subjective sensitivity to monetary gradients is associated with frontolimbic activation to reward in cocaine abusers

Subjective sensitivity to monetary gradients is associated with frontolimbic activation to reward in cocaine abusers

Measuring Pavlovian appetitive conditioning in humans with the postauricular reflex

Rapidly acquired multisensory association in the olfactory cortex

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