End of the Lone Wolf: The Typology that Should Not Have Been

Schuurman, Bart; Lindekilde, Lasse; Malthaner, Stefan; O’Connor, Francis G.; Gill, Paul; Marchment, Zoe

doi:10.1080/1057610x.2017.1419554

Cited by 99 publications

(62 citation statements)

References 8 publications

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“…However, due to the mixture or 'hybridity' (Davies 2009, p. 189) of coexisting social attachments and memberships people have in their lives, it is extremely difficult to identify, especially from the outside, what it means for an individual to part of a group. Likewise, various forms of social ties are created online making it possible that the social connections are not necessarily visible on the outside (Schuurman et al 2017). According to previous studies, social networks-and the lack of them-play a crucial role both in the push and pull factors that attract people to support violent extremist ideologies and join these movements, but also in those cases where the actor has seemed to be working alone (e.g., Schuurman et al 2017).…”

Section: Addressing Violent Extremism In Educationmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Likewise, various forms of social ties are created online making it possible that the social connections are not necessarily visible on the outside (Schuurman et al 2017). According to previous studies, social networks-and the lack of them-play a crucial role both in the push and pull factors that attract people to support violent extremist ideologies and join these movements, but also in those cases where the actor has seemed to be working alone (e.g., Schuurman et al 2017). These networks often take place online and, as Droogan et al (2018) have brought forward, social media plays a central role in the ways in which terrorist organizations nowadays carry out their operations from recruitment to communication, both within their network and as regards the ways in which they aim to spread terror among the public.…”

Section: Addressing Violent Extremism In Educationmentioning

confidence: 99%

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How and Why Education Counters Ideological Extremism in Finland

et al. 2018

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The intensification of radical and extremist thinking has become an international cause of concern and the fear related to terrorism has increased worldwide. Early 21st century public discourses have been correspondingly marked by hate speech and ideological propaganda spread from a variety of perspectives through the intensified presence of global social media networks. In many countries, governments have reacted to these perceived and actual threats by drafting policies and preventive programs and legal-security interventions to tackle radicalization, terrorism itself, as well as ideological extremism. Many of the current strategies point to the critical role of societal education. As a result, educational institutions have gained growing importance as platforms for different kinds of prevention protocols or counter-terrorism strategies. However, notably less attention has been paid on the consistencies of values between the aims of the educational strategies for preventing or countering ideological extremism and the core functions of education in fostering individual and societal well-being and growth. Using Finnish education as a case, this paper discusses the challenges and possibilities related to educational institutions as spaces for preventing violent extremism, with special regard to the religious and nationalistic ideologies that divert from those inherent in the national hegemony. This study highlights the need to plan counter-terrorism strategies in line with national educational policies through what we conceptualize as ‘institutional habitus’.

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Section: Addressing Violent Extremism In Educationmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Addressing Violent Extremism In Educationmentioning

confidence: 99%

How and Why Education Counters Ideological Extremism in Finland

et al. 2018

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“…The final component, network, refers to ties to other extremists, groups, or wider movements. The question “how alone are lone‐actors?” has been empirically examined, with findings mainly indicating that they are not as “lone” as is often believed (Borum, ; Borum et al., ; Bouhana et al., ; Hamm & Spaaij, ; Hofmann, ; Holt, Freilich, Chermak, Mills & Silva, ; Schuurman et al., ; Smith, Gruenewald, Roberts, & Damphousse, ). Some actors, however, do seem to act in relative isolation even if they do not make up the majority of cases.…”

Section: Analytical Approachmentioning

confidence: 99%

Analyzing person‐exposure patterns in lone‐actor terrorism

Clemmow

Marchment

Gill

2019

Criminology & Public Policy

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Research Summary:The lone-actor terrorist population can be extremely heterogeneous and difficult to detect. Intelligence is vital to countering this threat. We devise a typology of person-exposure patterns (PEPs) that could serve as a framework for intelligence gathering and threat assessment. We use cluster analysis and a risk analysis framework (RAF) to identify relations among three components: propensity, situation, and network.The results of the analysis reveal four PEPs: solitary, susceptible, situational, and selection. The solitary PEP lacks common indicators of a propensity to pursue terrorist action. The susceptible PEP reveals cognitive susceptibility, manifesting as mental illness, to be a key factor in the emergence of a terrorist propensity. The situational PEP demonstrates how situational stressors may act as warnings of acceleration toward violent action. Lastly, the selection PEP demonstrates higher frequencies of leakage and antecedent violent behaviors.Policy Implications: Our findings have two key policy implications. First, given the multifinality of terrorism risk indicators, we suggest a move toward a structuredprofessional judgement approach to the risk analysis of lone-actor terrorists. Second, we present the PEP typology as a framework for intelligence gathering. Existing frameworks are predominantly focused on mobilization 452 CLEMMOW ET AL.indicators. We suggest expanding data collection to include propensity and situational indicators, as operationalized here, and using the PEP typology to inform decisions about the emergence of the motivation to commit an attack. To do so, it is necessary to pursue a multiagency approach to intelligence gathering.

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“…The issue of non-violent individuals who might potentially be violent in the future has been explored (Sarma, 2017), and others have presented considered discussions and options regarding the difficulties in categorising an individual as 'lone' (Ellis et al, 2016;Schuurman et al, 2019). How researchers respond to these kinds of questions will determine which cases are included in their analyses, and it is likely that the more precise the inclusion criteria, the smaller the sample will be.…”

Section: Definitions and Categorisation Of Individualsmentioning

confidence: 99%