End-Paleozoic Mass Extinction: Hierarchy of Causes and a New Cosmoclimatological Perspective for the Largest Crisis

Supernova Rates and Burial of Organic Matter

“…One study suggests that the temperature over a short period ($$< $$4 Ma) increased dramatically from about 20–38°C at the P‐Tr boundary (Sun et al., 2012), shown as the dark red curve in Figure 3. It should be noted that this large change in supernova frequency occurred at the same time as massive volcanic activity of the Siberian Traps, widely thought to be a major contributing factor to the end‐Permian anoxia and mass extinction (Bond et al., 2019; Isozaki, 2019; Sial et al., 2021). The middle panel of Figure 3 shows land ice volume during glaciations.…”

Contribution of an Integrated Maritime Policy to the Dialogue of Civilisations: The Asia-Pacific Case

“…A vision and strategy are therefore required to enhance the human capabilities to meet the climate change issues and generate opportunities to ensure the long-term sustainability of the world's development. Research concerning the cosmic influence on the Sun-Earth environment [127][128][129][130][131][132][133][134][135][136][137][138][139][140][141][142][143][144][145] adds an additional perspective to this end. This does not challenge the well-established evidence of dangerous anthropogenic interference with the climate system (such as the warming effects due to anthropogenic emissions from the pre-industrial period to the present) or minimize the importance of diplomatic agreements such as the framework Convention on Climate Change, to protect the climate from dangerous anthropogenic effects and avert the undesirable consequences of such effects.…”

“…In this context, it is also not irrelevant to recall that the warmest period of the Holocene-the so-called "Atlantic optimum," which occurred 5000-7000 years ago, exceeded the average temperature in the twentieth century by 1-2 • C [131]. As to the variations in climate and biodiversity, the ultimate causes have been under debate [132,133]. Several studies adhere to entirely an opposite point of view, therefore casting doubt on the influence of the variations in cosmic rays and cloud coverage on Earth's climate [134][135][136].…”

The Capitanian Minimum: A Unique Sr Isotope Beacon of the Latest Paleozoic Seawater

“…), which is rated high in the ranking of the extinction magnitude (McGhee and Mukhopadhyay, 2013;Stanley, 2016). The main cause and processes of this global scale episode were not yet fully revealed, although various possible scenarios were proposed; e.g., the Emeishan Trap volcanism (Chung et al, 1998;Ali et al, 2002;Wignall et al, 2009), the onset of global anoxia (Isozaki, 1997;Saitoh et al, 2014); non-bolide extraterrestrial effect (Isozaki, 2019). The coeval unique signals in C, S, and N isotope records across the GLB (e.g., Isozaki et al, 2007;Saitoh et al, 2013;Yan et al, 2013;Bond et al, 2015;Zhang et al, 2015;Maruoka and Isozaki, 2020) further imply strong links to the major environmental changes with extinction.…”

“…The seawater 87 Sr/ 86 Sr changes, the minimum or the maximum, seem to coincide with several extinction events, e.g., the end-Ordovician, the end-Guadalupian, and the end-Permian (Figure 1). Recently, various similarities were recognized between two major extinction-related episodes in the Paleozoic; i.e., the Hirnantian (end-Ordovician) and Capitanian (end-Permian) events, because both episodes commonly recorded the preferential removal of sessile biota in the tropics, global sea-level drop, negative excursion of carbon isotopes, and end of long-term geomagnetic polarity interval (Isozaki and Servais, 2018;Isozaki, 2019). This may promote further research on other cooling-relevant extinction events and coeval changes in Sr isotope signatures in global oceans.…”