The integration and development of music curriculum signals have attracted the attention of researchers in real teaching scenarios. Based on the theory of multiple intelligences algorithm, this paper constructs a music curriculum integration and development model. This paper establishes a nonnegative matrix decomposition scheme, adds a constraint term that can reflect the smoothness of the time-varying gain matrix to the divergence-based objective function, and iteratively solves the problem of curriculum integration and development through the minimum optimization algorithm obtained by constructing the auxiliary function. In the process of simulation experiment, the optimal solution of each factor matrix was designed, the source music signal was reconstructed, and the sufficiently sparse source music signal was separated. The experimental results show that, compared with the parameter estimation without preprocessing, the parameter estimation with preprocessing is more accurate, the accuracy of the improved algorithm reaches 97.1%, the signal compression ratio reaches 0.656, and the enhanced signal can obtain at most 6 dB. The signal-to-noise ratio is improved, and the convergence speed is fast and asymptotically reaches the lower bound. It is suitable for parameter estimation of low-order and high-order autoregressive processes and effectively promotes the smooth development of music course signals.