End‐user participation in a collaborative distributed voltage control and demand response programme

Abstract

A new generation of electric appliances with controllable reactive power creates an opportunity for operators in distribution systems to be used as a resource for reactive power support. On the other hand, implementing demand response (DR) programmes as an alternative resource to manage the active power demand may also affect the reactive power balance. Collaborative effect of reactive power support devices and the DR programme is investigated in order to control voltage problem in a distribution network. In the first step, distributed voltage (DV) control and DR methods are considered as individual control actions; then, the hybrid DV control with DR (DVDR) method is proposed to improve the voltage profile. The IEEE 33-bus distribution standard test system is chosen for validating the novel method, in which the optimum reactive power injection in the candidate buses and demand curtailment in each area are calculated. The proposed DVDR method can better mitigate the voltage problem and the results showed far desirable performance compared with using just DR or DV methods. The proposed method can also curtail less demand in comparison to the DR method.reactive power in the grid. With modern bidirectional chargers, EVs are able to produce reactive power while consuming active power [16,17] and inject the active power into the grid when demanded.DV control can be one of the best control actions in the smart grid showing low communication cost [18,19]. For instance, the authors in [18] proposed DV control to improve the voltage profile. In their design, load tap changer and distributed generation's (DG's) reactive rate are used as control variables. However, they have ignored the effects of end-user devices and DR on voltage profile.The centralised control action, on the other hand, can perform best for voltage mitigation in integrated scenarios. However, the centralised method can cause a low-latency, low-throughput communication network when used in sophisticated grid communication scenarios. DV control, however, is a strong candidate since the sub-systems are independent without any necessary inter-communication links. This results in a massive reduction of the number of data packets normally exchanged between the links. Note that in general voltage mitigation quality in centralised control is relatively higher than the DV control.

Using EVs as distributed energy resources for critical load restoration in resilient power distribution systems

“…The locations and parameters of generation units and selected scenarios of EVs in the PLs and the modified critical loads are given in Tables 4-6. The electricity tariff was extracted from [28], and the daily profile of load factor extracted from [27]. Battery specifications of several commercially available EVs were selected from [29] and listed in Table 7.…”

“…Constraints (25)- (27) express the power flow in nodes belonging to loop/mesh. To obtain power and voltage at the loop nodes, we first need to write power flow along each path and then select one of the powers and voltages by using constraints (28)- (30).…”

“…In this study, it is assumed that each EV charger has a power correction factor to regulate reactive power. Similarly, due to the non-linear relationship between the active, reactive, and apparent power of each battery in (40), to avoid using non-linear equations, we assume that the apparent power of each EV is such that it can generate reactive power up to 50% of its active power (see constraints (42) and (44)) [26,27]. Here, constraints (41) and (42) are for the master units, and constraints (43) and (44) are for the slave units…”

Sustainable and Resilient Smart House Using the Internal Combustion Engine of Plug-in Hybrid Electric Vehicles

“…Noteworthy research has been carried out in the V2G concept. Authors in [11][12][13][14][15] consider voltage and frequency control through V2G. In [16][17][18], storage and renewable energy were studied with the integration of V2G concepts.…”

Electric power distribution system expansion planning considering cost elasticity of demand

“…Modern distribution networks have introduced new concepts and applications. The main concept might be the possibility of demand‐side participation in load management [1–3]. Demand‐side participation is often referred to as demand response (DR).…”