Endemic goiter in School Children in Southwestern Ethiopia

Berhanu, Negalign; Michael, Kifle Wolde; Bezabih, Messele

doi:10.4314/ejhd.v18i3.9956

Cited by 22 publications

(35 citation statements)

References 2 publications

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“…In another study from the same year, the median urinary iodine value was measured at 56 μg/L for both male and female children in Jimma, but taken separately; females (54 μg/L) had lower values than males (74 μg/L) [7]. Higher goiter rates in female than in male children have also been reported in other studies nationwide [16] and in Kafa which is found in SNNPR [22]. ID in children has also been assessed recently in greater detail, using goiter grades and thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH).…”

Section: [ 22-28]mentioning

confidence: 82%

“…Only few areas of Jimma zone [7,11,18], Arsi zone [19], Bale zone [20] and Haramaya district [21] were covered, while other zones and districts have no information. Southern Nation Nationalities and Peoples were targeted with three independent studies of zones and districts such as Gamo Gofa [19], Kafa [22], Sidama [23][24][25], Hawasa [26] and Sodo [27,28]. Four reports on the Amhara region targeted areas in Shoa zone [19], Bahir Dar town [29], Wombera and Burie districts [30], and Lay Armachiho district [31].…”

Section: Regional Studies Of Id In Ethiopia Are Incompletementioning

confidence: 99%

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Progress and challenges in eliminating iodine deficiency in Ethiopia: a systematic review

Gebretsadikan

Troen

2016

BMC Nutr

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Background: Iodine deficiency disorders (IDD) and their attendant effects on human development, perinatal mortality and intellectual dysfunction are a major nutrition and public health problem worldwide, with Ethiopia counted among the top iodine-deficient countries. Despite the passing of new legislation in 2011 under the National Nutrition Programme and subsequent increase in the availability of iodized salt, the eradication of IDD in Ethiopia remains a significant challenge. This paper critically reviews the recent published data on iodine-status in Ethiopia as a basis for formulating future research and policy initiatives. Methods: We performed a structural search for IDD studies in Ethiopia for all population groups published after the year 2000. Results: Twenty four studies reported national and regional data giving a national total goiter rate above 35.8 % in women, with rates close to 60 % in four regional states, and an estimated prevalence of IDD ranging from 0.4 to 66.3 % depending on region. The prevalence of goiter in children was 35 %, but was as high as 71 % in the South Nations Nationalities and Peoples Region. The problem persists despite the widespread availability of iodized salt. Conclusions: Eradicating IDD in Ethiopia will require concerted efforts including the close evaluation of intervention programs through regular, nation-wide monitoring of IDD and salt-iodization coverage. Salt iodization became mandatory in Ethiopia in 2011 and despite significant progress, the current level of eradicating IDD could be improved. Prospective and controlled intervention studies to evaluate biomarkers of thyroid function and cognitive outcomes will help to monitor and improve eradication efforts. Ascertaining and improving health and development in the most vulnerable populations of women and children is a priority that may be advanced through a greater investment in outreach and education.

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Section: [ 22-28]mentioning

confidence: 82%

Section: Regional Studies Of Id In Ethiopia Are Incompletementioning

confidence: 99%

Progress and challenges in eliminating iodine deficiency in Ethiopia: a systematic review

Gebretsadikan

Troen

2016

BMC Nutr

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“…In general, the prevalence of severe total goiter rate in both children and women of the two districts is becoming worse, specifically with in the last two decades. One possible factor could be the diet shift from Teff (Eragrostis tef), barley and wheat-based to millet, sorghum and other crops which are known to interfere with the metabolism of iodine and the formation of the thyroid producing hormones [5].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Iodine deficiency causes a wide range of health related problems that are collectively called iodine deficiency disorders [4]. Iodine deficiency in childhood and adolescence is characteristically associated with endemic goiter [5]. The global database of the World Health Organization shows that iodine deficiency remains a public health problem in about 54 countries, and an estimated two billion individuals have an insufficient dietary iodine intake [6].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Iodine Deficiency Disorders (IDD) in Burie and Womberma Districts, West Gojjam, Ethiopia

Kebede¹,

Ayana²,

Belay³

et al. 2015

EJNFS

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Iodine deficiency disorders (IDD) affect millions of people in developing countries mainly due to dietary iodine deficiency and aggravating factors that affect the bioavailability of iodine in the body. Iodine deficiency disorder is one of the public health problems of Ethiopia. Recent findings show that both endemic and nonendemic areas have high goiter rates. Burie and Womberma districts are two of the endemic goiter areas in the country. The etiology of goiter in these areas is not fully studied so far. The objective of this cross-sectional community based study was to assess the magnitude and causes of goiter. The study was conducted in July 2010. The sample size was determined by assuming 50% prevalence of total goiter rate, 5% error, 95% confidence interval, design effect of 1(random) and 5% of non-response rate. A two-stagerandom sampling (sub-district and village) was used to select children aged 6-12 years and their biological mothers from10 randomly selected villages in each of the districts. Overall, 403 households participated in the study. The assessment was conducted using palpation of thyroid size, urinary iodine level determination, household level interview and Focus Group Discussion (FGD). The study revealed a total goiter prevalence rate of 54% and 30.1% in children and their biological mothers, respectively. More than 64% of the children were severely iodine deficient. The major cause for goiter as revealed by urinary iodine level and concentration of iodized salt is dietary iodine deficiency. There are no goitrogenic foods such as cassava; however, goitrogenic chemicals such as Dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane (DDT) and 2,4-Dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4-D) were widely used. The study areas are known for surplus produce of cereals, legumes and chilli. In order to reverse the problem, immediate and sustainable distribution of iodated salt/oil capsule, prohibition of direct application of pesticides on foods and awareness creation on adverse effects of IDD and benefits of iodine nutrition is highly recommended.

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“…In Ethiopia, 62% of people are at risk of IDD from which goiter prevalence is estimated between 50% and 95% [3]. In south western Ethiopia, the gross goiter prevalence measured by palpation was 27.4% and the rate of cretinism and other milder disorders of IDD were estimated to be one and three out of 1000 persons, respectively [4]. Moreover, a study on risk factors of goiter in Sodo town, Southern Ethiopia, shows that 50.5% of the school children were suffering from goiter [5].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Factors Affecting the Presence of Adequately Iodized Salt at Home in Wolaita, Southern Ethiopia: Community Based Study

Kumma

Haji

Abdurahmen

et al. 2018

International Journal of Food Science

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Background Universal use of iodized salt is a simple and inexpensive method to prevent and eliminate iodine deficiency disorders like mental retardation. However, little is known about the level of adequately iodized salt consumption in the study area. Therefore, the study was aimed at assessing the proportion of households having adequately iodized salt and associated factors in Wolaita Sodo town and its peripheries, Southern Ethiopia. Methods A cross-sectional study was conducted from May 10 to 20, 2016, in 441 households in Sodo town and its peripheries. Samples were selected using the systematic sampling technique. An iodometric titration method (AOAC, 2000) was used to analyze the iodine content of the salt samples. Data entry and analysis were done using Epi Info version 3.5.1 and SPSS version 16, respectively. Result The female to male ratio of the respondents was 219. The mean age of the respondents was 30.2 (±7.3 SD). The proportion of households having adequately iodized salt was 37.7%, with 95% CI of 33.2% to 42.2%. Not exposing salt to sunlight with [OR: 3.75; 95% CI: 2.14, 6.57], higher monthly income [OR: 3.71; 95% CI: 1.97–7.01], and formal education of respondents with [OR: 1.75; 95% CI: 1.14, 2.70] were found associated with the presence of adequately iodized salt at home. Conclusion This study revealed low levels of households having adequately iodized salt in Wolaita Sodo town and its peripheries. The evidence here shows that there is a need to increase the supply of adequately iodized salt to meet the goal for monitoring progress towards sustainable elimination of IDD.

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Endemic goiter in School Children in Southwestern Ethiopia

Cited by 22 publications

References 2 publications

Progress and challenges in eliminating iodine deficiency in Ethiopia: a systematic review

Progress and challenges in eliminating iodine deficiency in Ethiopia: a systematic review

Iodine Deficiency Disorders (IDD) in Burie and Womberma Districts, West Gojjam, Ethiopia

Factors Affecting the Presence of Adequately Iodized Salt at Home in Wolaita, Southern Ethiopia: Community Based Study

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