Endemic treponematosis: review and update

Farnsworth, Neil N; Rosén, Ted

doi:10.1016/j.clindermatol.2005.11.004

Cited by 64 publications

(58 citation statements)

References 45 publications

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“…pertenue, T. pallidum subsp. endemicum, and T. carateum cause the endemic treponematoses known as yaws, bejel, and pinta (10,18). Although regarded as distinct syndromes, these treponematoses share many noteworthy similarities, particularly evident when the clinical manifestations of the diseases are compared.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Comparative Investigation of the Genomic Regions Involved in Antigenic Variation of the TprK Antigen among Treponemal Species, Subspecies, and Strains

et al. 2012

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bAlthough the three Treponema pallidum subspecies (T. pallidum subsp. pallidum, T. pallidum subsp. pertenue, and T. pallidum subsp. endemicum), Treponema paraluiscuniculi, and the unclassified Fribourg-Blanc treponeme cause clinically distinct diseases, these pathogens are genetically and antigenically highly related and are able to cause persistent infection. Recent evidence suggests that the putative surface-exposed variable antigen TprK plays an important role in both treponemal immune evasion and persistence. tprK heterogeneity is generated by nonreciprocal gene conversion between the tprK expression site and donor sites. Although each of the above-mentioned species and subspecies has a functional tprK antigenic variation system, it is still unclear why the level of expression and the rate at which tprK diversifies during infection can differ significantly among isolates. To identify genomic differences that might affect the generation and expression of TprK variants among these pathogens, we performed comparative sequence analysis of the donor sites, as well as the tprK expression sites, among eight T. pallidum subsp. pallidum isolates (Nichols Gen, Nichols Sea, Chicago, Sea81-4, Dal-1, Street14, UW104, and UW126), three T. pallidum subsp. pertenue isolates (Gauthier, CDC2, and Samoa D), one T. pallidum subsp. endemicum isolate (Iraq B), the unclassified FribourgBlanc isolate, and the Cuniculi A strain of T. paraluiscuniculi. Synteny and sequence conservation, as well as deletions and insertions, were found in the regions harboring the donor sites. These data suggest that the tprK recombination system is harbored within dynamic genomic regions and that genomic differences might be an important key to explain discrepancies in generation and expression of tprK variants among these Treponema isolates.

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confidence: 99%

Comparative Investigation of the Genomic Regions Involved in Antigenic Variation of the TprK Antigen among Treponemal Species, Subspecies, and Strains

et al. 2012

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“…Nevertheless, the geographical location in which our remains were found makes it unlikely for yaws to be the causative agent of our possible case of treponematosis, as this is a tropical disease (Farnsworth and Rosen, 2006). The possibility of bejel cannot be completely discarded and has to remain open, as even though this disease is uncommon in Spain (Berco, 2011) and typical of hot desert areas, it has also been described as endemic in some regions of temperate Europe (Baker, 2005).…”

Section: Differential Diagnosismentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Based on clinical and geographical criteria, four types of treponemal infection can be distinguished: pinta (called mal de pinto or cute), yaws (or frambesia) and bejel (also known as non-venereal syphilis or endemic syphilis), which are transmitted by fomites (shared contaminated utensils) and non-venereal contact (Perine et al, 1984); and acquired syphilis (or simply syphilis), which might be congenital or acquired. Of all of these, only pinta, caused by Treponema carateum, does not leave evidence in the bone, causing only cutaneous disease (Powell and Cook, 2005;Farnsworth and Rosen, 2006;Mandell et al, 2009). The other three types of treponemal disease are caused by infection of different subspecies of Treponema pallidum: T. pallidum subsp.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Treponemal disease in the Old World? Integrated palaeopathological assessment of a 9th–11th century skeleton from north-central Spain

López

Lopez-Garcia

Costilla

et al. 2017

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The hypothesis of an American origin of acquired (venereal) syphilis and other infectious diseases carried by Columbus's crew has been considered for a long time as the most plausible one, and has been supported recently by considerable anthropological and molecular evidence. According to this line of thought, it can be argued that Spain would have been the gateway of acquired syphilis, which quickly expanded after the return of Columbus in the late 15th century. However, the hypothesis that syphilis previously existed in Europe but went unrecognized has also been considered by many authors. The present work reports one Pre-Columbian putative case of venereal syphilis found in a Spanish necropolis and radiocarbon dated to the 9th-11th century. The complexities of carrying out accurate diagnoses in remains from archaeological timeframes are addressed by the combined use of palaeopathological, medical, and histological techniques. The results, which point toward third-stage acquired syphilis, spark discussion about the need to revisit or complement the theories and hypothesis on the origin of syphilis in the light of a growing body of cases from European historical populations.

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“…pertenue, a diagnostic real-time PCR assay that can distinguish among the three subspecies of T. pallidum in a single assay is needed-especially in cases in children and because syphilis no longer occurs in areas geographically distinct from those where nonvenereal endemic treponematoses occur. In addition, yaws might be confused with other skin conditions, such as eczema, psoriasis, idiopathic keratoderma calluses, infected bites, excoriated chronic scabies, tungiasis, sarcoidosis, verrucae, and vitamin deficiencies (4).…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Clinical manifestations of yaws occur in three distinct stages, a primary phase characterized by a single "raspberry like" lesion or mother yaw at the site of inoculation approximately 3 to 4 weeks after infection, a secondary phase which consists of widespread dissemination of smaller skin lesions that contain high numbers of treponemes, and a tertiary phase which occurs in approximately 10% of untreated persons about 5 to 10 years after the initial infection. Tertiary yaws is characterized by destructive cutaneous lesions and bone and joint deformities (1,4). The infectious stages of the disease occur in individuals with primary or secondary lesions who are able to transmit the disease mainly through direct skin-to-skin contact.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Laboratory-Confirmed Case of Yaws in a 10-Year-Old Boy from the Republic of the Congo

et al. 2011

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Endemic treponematosis: review and update

Cited by 64 publications

References 45 publications

Comparative Investigation of the Genomic Regions Involved in Antigenic Variation of the TprK Antigen among Treponemal Species, Subspecies, and Strains

Comparative Investigation of the Genomic Regions Involved in Antigenic Variation of the TprK Antigen among Treponemal Species, Subspecies, and Strains

Treponemal disease in the Old World? Integrated palaeopathological assessment of a 9th–11th century skeleton from north-central Spain

Laboratory-Confirmed Case of Yaws in a 10-Year-Old Boy from the Republic of the Congo

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