Ending to What End? The Impact of the Termination of Court-Desegregation Orders on Residential Segregation and School Dropout Rates

Liebowitz, David D.

doi:10.3102/0162373717725804

Cited by 14 publications

(8 citation statements)

References 42 publications

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“…For example, this assumption would be violated if neighborhood characteristics changed in a given district in response to a local court decision and also affected CVD. While this assumption is not directly testable, we believe it unlikely that families relocated following a court order in their district [74]. Empirical evidence also supports few changes in residential segregation levels in released districts [75].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 80%

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School racial segregation and long-term cardiovascular health among Black adults in the US: A quasi-experimental study

et al. 2022

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Background Cardiovascular disease (CVD) disproportionately affects United States black adults. This is increasingly acknowledged to be due to inequitable distribution of health-promoting resources. One potential contributor is inequities in educational opportunities, although it is unclear what aspects of education are most salient. School racial segregation may affect cardiovascular health by increasing stress, constraining socioeconomic opportunities, and altering health behaviors. We investigated the association between school segregation and black adults’ CVD risk. Methods and findings We leveraged a natural experiment created by quasi-random (i.e., arbitrary) timing of local court decisions since 1991 that released school districts from court-ordered desegregation. We used the Panel Study of Income Dynamics (PSID) (1991 to 2017), linked with district-level school segregation measures and desegregation court order status. The sample included 1,053 black participants who ever resided in school districts that were under a court desegregation order in 1991. The exposure was mean school segregation during observed schooling years. Outcomes included several adult CVD risk factors and outcomes. We fitted standard ordinary least squares (OLS) multivariable linear regression models, then conducted instrumental variables (IV) analysis, using the proportion of schooling years spent in districts that had been released from court-ordered desegregation as an instrument. We adjusted for individual- and district-level preexposure confounders, birth year, and state fixed effects. In standard linear models, school segregation was associated with a lower probability of good self-rated health (−0.05 percentage points per SD of the segregation index; 95% CI: −0.08, −0.03; p < 0.001) and a higher probability of binge drinking (0.04 percentage points; 95% CI: 0.002, 0.07; p = 0.04) and heart disease (0.01 percentage points; 95% CI: 0.002, 0.15; p = 0.007). IV analyses also found that school segregation was associated with a lower probability of good self-rated health (−0.09 percentage points; 95% CI: −0.17, −0.02, p = 0.02) and a higher probability of binge drinking (0.17 percentage points; 95% CI: 0.04, 0.30, p = 0.008). For IV estimates, only binge drinking was robust to adjustments for multiple hypothesis testing. Limitations included self-reported outcomes and potential residual confounding and exposure misclassification. Conclusions School segregation exposure in childhood may have longstanding impacts on black adults’ cardiovascular health. Future research should replicate these analyses in larger samples and explore potential mechanisms. Given the recent rise in school segregation, this study has implications for policies and programs to address racial inequities in CVD.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 80%

“…While this assumption is not directly testable, we believe it unlikely that families relocated following a court order in their district [74]. Empirical evidence also supports few changes in residential segregation levels in released districts [75]. We further described below several sensitivity tests to explore this issue.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

School racial segregation and long-term cardiovascular health among Black adults in the US: A quasi-experimental study

et al. 2022

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“…Families were willing to live in slightly more integrated neighborhoods when the amenity of the local school was removed. Conversely, after the school desegregation order expired in the Charlotte-Mecklenburg school district, white families were more likely to move to neighborhoods with more white neighbors (Liebowitz and Page 2014) and white-Hispanic segregation increased in the short run (Liebowitz 2018). The relaxation of explicit racial balancing rules made where one lives once again very consequential for where one's child attends school.…”

Section: Breaking the Link: Student Assignment Policies And Demographic Changesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Unequal Opportunity: School and Neighborhood Segregation in the USA

Owens

2020

Race Soc Probl

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School and neighborhood segregation are intertwined in complex ways. Schools reflect segregated neighborhoods, and school considerations reinforce neighborhood segregation. Over the past 25 years, racial segregation in neighborhoods and schools has slightly declined in terms of sorting, though children remain racially isolated in their neighborhoods and schools. Income segregation between schools, school districts, and neighborhoods has increased among children. Recent educational policy and demographic changes may break the link between neighborhood and school segregation. As population diversity increases, the proliferation of school choice leads schools and neighborhoods to resemble one another less, with schools becoming more segregated than their local neighborhoods. Regardless of the complicated and changing ways neighborhood and school segregation shape and reshape one another, segregation in both contexts remains high in the twenty-first century. Drawing on administrative data, I provide a quantitative portrait of the schools and neighborhoods of children from different racial/ethnic groups in 2015, documenting stark inequalities in these contexts. I conclude with a discussion of why segregation matters, what can be done about it, and why something must be done.

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“…This paper takes advantage of the variation in the timing of school districts’ release from court oversight at the county level. It exploits a similar source of variation as Liebowitz (2018) [ 40 ] and Reardon et al (2012) [ 38 ] and uses the same empirical strategy as Guryan (2004), Johnson (2015), Reber (2005), and Shen (2018) [ 17 , 41 – 43 ]. The timing of release from court oversight is considered random due to the unequal caseloads across district courts, the varying and somewhat unpredictable duration of the release process, the varying court approaches, and the timing of appeals from interested parties [ 15 ].…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

The association between the end of court-ordered school desegregation and preterm births among Black women

Shen

2018

PLoS ONE

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Racial segregation, and in particular school segregation, likely plays an important role in affecting health outcomes. To examine this connection, this paper explores the relationship between the end of court-ordered school desegregation and preterm births among Blacks using birth certificate information between 1992 and 2002 (n = 183,178). The end of court-ordered oversight has important implications for the level of racial segregation in schools: If residential segregation remains high, neighborhood-based student assignment plans would naturally increase school segregation. A rise in school segregation may lead to worse educational, labor, and health outcomes among Blacks. Using multiple difference-in-differences framework that exploits variation in exposure to schools that declared unitary status, it finds that school districts’ release from court oversight is associated with a 0.8 percentage point increase in preterm births among Black mothers. This paper contributes to literature that finds that the end of court-ordered school desegregation in the 1990s have negative implications for Blacks. More research should be conducted to understand the causal relationship between school segregation and infant health.

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Ending to What End? The Impact of the Termination of Court-Desegregation Orders on Residential Segregation and School Dropout Rates

Cited by 14 publications

References 42 publications

School racial segregation and long-term cardiovascular health among Black adults in the US: A quasi-experimental study

School racial segregation and long-term cardiovascular health among Black adults in the US: A quasi-experimental study

Unequal Opportunity: School and Neighborhood Segregation in the USA

The association between the end of court-ordered school desegregation and preterm births among Black women

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