Endocrine and metabolic diurnal rhythms in young adult men born small vs appropriate for gestational age

Abstract

Objective: Sleep disturbances and alterations of diurnal endocrine rhythms are associated with increased risk of type 2 diabetes (T2D). We previously showed that young men born small for gestational age (SGA) and with increased risk of T2D have elevated fat and decreased glucose oxidation rates during nighttime. In this study, we investigated whether SGA men have an altered diurnal profile of hormones, substrates and inflammatory markers implicated in T2D pathophysiology compared with matched individuals born appropriate for gestational age (AGA). Methods: We collected hourly blood samples for 24 h, to measure levels of glucose, free fatty acids (FFA), triglycerides (TG), insulin, C-peptide, leptin, resistin, ghrelin, plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 (PAI-1), incretins (GLP-1 and GIP), and inflammatory markers (TNF-α and IL-6) in 13 young men born SGA and 11 young men born AGA. Results: Repeated measurements analyses were used to analyze the diurnal variations and differences between groups. The SGA subjects had increased 24-h glucose (P = 0.03), glucagon (P = 0.03) and resistin (P = 0.003) levels with no difference in diurnal rhythms compared with AGA controls. We found significant diurnal variations in levels of blood glucose, plasma TG, FFA, insulin, C-peptide, GLP-1, GIP, leptin, visfatin, TNF-α, IL-6 and PAI-1. The variation in FFA levels differed between the groups during the evening. Plasma ghrelin and glucagon levels did not display diurnal variations. Conclusions: Young men born SGA exhibit elevated 24-h blood glucose, and plasma glucagon and resistin levels with no major differences in diurnal rhythms of these or other key metabolic hormones, substrates or inflammatory markers implicated in the origin of adiposity and T2D.

Continuous association of total bile acid levels with the risk of small for gestational age infants

“…In addition, a report on human and rodent animal demonstrated that ICP was also associated with sex-specific increased susceptibility to severe obese, diabetic phenotype with hepatosteatosis in adult offspring, indicating a programming effect of the high bile acid exposure in utero 12,13. Small for gestational age (SGA), defined as fetal weight less than the 10th percentile based on gender and gestational age, is one of the leading causes for stillbirth, neonatal death and perinatal morbidity [14][15][16] . Several epidemiological reports showed that the risks of autism in childhood and cardiovascular and metabolic diseases in adulthood were increased in people born with SGA [17][18][19][20] . Nevertheless, no report analyzed the association between ICP and an increased risk of SGA infants in a cohort study.…”

Relationship of Glucagon-like Peptide 1 and Peptide YY with Catch-up Growth in Children Born Small for Gestational Age

“…In addition, no studies on PYY secretion levels in individuals born SGA have been reported. One study found no significant difference in GLP-1 secretion levels between adults born SGA and AGA ( 10 ). We found that in children aged 4-8 years, GLP-1 and PYY levels were lower in the SGA group than in the AGA control group.…”

“…However, few studies ( 9 , 10 , 11 ) have focused on gastrointestinal hormone levels in children born SGA. The data are unclear about whether catch-up growth leads to inappropriate secretion of gastrointestinal peptides and whether they are involved in the long-term metabolic outcomes in children born SGA.…”

Circadian Dysfunction in Adipose Tissue: Chronotherapy in Metabolic Diseases

“…Similar results were obtained from both animal [ 97 , 98 ] and clinical [ 99 , 100 ] studies. Other adipokines, such as visfatin [ 101 , 102 , 103 ], vaspin [ 104 ], retinol binding protein 4 (RBP4) [ 105 ], apelin [ 106 ], and resistin [ 107 ] were shown to have a rhythmic secretion profile. Additionally, shift work was found to result in elevated serum resistin [ 108 , 109 ].…”