Endocrine Control of Water Balance

Abstract

The sections in this article are: The Water‐Repletion Reaction Cell‐Volume Regulation The Neurohypophysis Structure Hormone Biosynthesis, Transport, and Metabolism Control of Antidiuretic Hormone Release Osmotic Regulation Nonosmotic Regulation Chemical Mediators Intranuclear Secretion Oxytocin Thirst Osmotic Regulation Volume‐Mediated Thirst Satiation of Thirst Renal Contribution to Osmotic Homeostasis Renal Countercurrent Mechanisms Effects of Filtration Rate and Solute Excretion Collecting Tubule Medullary Thick Ascending Limb of Henle Integration of Antidiuretic Hormone Actions with the Urinary Concentrating Mechanism Selected Clinical Derangements of Water Balance Hypertonic Syndromes Hypotonic Syndromes

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“…For example, it was recognised as a possible predictor of panic in beginner diving students, 31 and pre-course trait anxiety mean scores effectively predicted underwater panic behaviour for beginner sport divers during training. 32 In a separate study, trait anxiety scores only predicted panic among experienced scuba divers when adding one standard deviation to the mean. 33 An earlier review of the research concluded that trait anxiety was a reliable predictor of panic proneness while using scuba.…”

“…A number of avenues of research could be considered, including exploring the most effective ways to measure trait anxiety, exploring other personality correlates and, although strictly not in the domain of personality studies, continue to explore the best interventions to counter the effects of high trait anxiety on decision making and behaviour. 31, 51,52 RISK TAKING/SENSATION SEEKING AND TRAIT ANXIETY IN BEHAVIOURAL OUTCOMES DURING DIVING These two personality markers have consistently been identified among divers 1,[3][4][5]8,11,32 and both are associated with tolerance to physiological excitation. Both are considered to have significant safety implications, for example, the relationship of trait anxiety to injury may be mediated through its association with panic proneness and, in the case of sensation seeking, through greater risk-taking behaviour.…”

Thirst as an ingestive behavior: A brief review on physiology and assessment

“…The reader is referred to comprehensive reviews on the physiology of the thirst mechanism (Andreoli et al, 2011; Fitzsimons, 1976; Thornton, 2010). The two main physiological signals for stimulation of thirst are plasma hyperosmolality via cellular dehydration and hypovolemia due to low blood volume and low arterial pressure (Andreoli et al, 2011). The osmotic stimulus for thirst is considered primary, as the hypovolemic stimulus requires a 10% reduction in blood volume, independent of osmolality (Fitzsimons, 1976).…”

Influence of repetitive diving in saltwater on pressure equalization and Eustachian tube function in recreational scuba divers

“…It is recommend that potable water should be conserved for the first day as most drunk in this period will be wasteful and lost as urine. 12 The delay in drinking stimulates hormone-mediated body water conservation pathways 32 and, thereafter, a greater quantity of fluid intake is retained. In addition, unless supplies of potable water are plentiful, they should be conserved and intake restricted to 500 ml a day.…”