Endocrine disorders and fertility and pregnancy: An update

Abstract

It is estimated that more and more couples suffer from fertility and pregnancy maintenance disorders. It is associated with impaired androgen secretion, which is influenced by many factors, ranging from genetic to environmental. It is also important to remember that fertility disorders can also result from abnormal anatomy of the reproductive male and female organ (congenital uterine anomalies – septate, unicornuate, bicornuate uterus; acquired defects of the uterus structure – fibroids, polyps, hypertrophy), disturbed hormonal cycle and obstruction of the fallopian tubes resulting from the presence of adhesions due to inflammation, endometriosis, and surgery, abnormal rhythm of menstrual bleeding, the abnormal concentration of hormones. There are many relationships between the endocrine organs, leading to a chain reaction when one of them fails to function properly. Conditions in which the immune system is involved, including infections and autoimmune diseases, also affect fertility. The form of treatment depends on infertility duration and the patient’s age. It includes ovulation stimulation with clomiphene citrate or gonadotropins, metformin use, and weight loss interventions. Since so many different factors affect fertility, it is important to correctly diagnose what is causing the problem and to modify the treatment regimen if necessary. This review describes disturbances in the hormone secretion of individual endocrine organs in the context of fertility and the maintenance of pregnancy.

Ultrasound examination of mammary glands in patients with infertility on background violations of menstrual function

“…Отримані дані співпадають з висновками про те, що важливим моментом виникнення патологічних змін у ГЗ є наявність ановуляції або недостатності лютеінової фази менструального циклу [5]. Водночас низка авторів в останніх публікаціях не заперечують розвиток ФКХ на тлі регулярного менструального циклу [8].…”

“…Для відновлення менструально-репродуктивної функції у пацієнток з ендокринними формами безпліддя проводиться стимуляція овуляції різними гормональними препаратами, у зв'язку з чим перед початком гормональної терапії необхідно визначити стан ГЗ у хворих з порушеннями менструального циклу [4,5].…”

Large Epididymal Cyst: A Tale of Three Testes

“…From a clinical perspective, epididymal cysts typically appear as palpable, fluctuant, and non-tender masses separate from the testis. Ultrasonography often reveals them as thin-walled, septate structures with dependent echoes, aiding in differential diagnosis from other scrotal masses such as hydroceles, varicoceles, and spermatoceles-the latter distinguished by the presence of sperm within the cyst [9], [10]. The management of epididymal cysts generally follows a conservative approach, particularly for smaller, asymptomatic lesions.…”

The assessment of educational and supportive care to the infertile females undergoes In Vitro Fertilization procedure by clinical pharmacist: a randomized clinical trial

“…13 This treatment has shown efficacy in addressing unexplained infertility and conditions such as blocked or damaged fallopian tubes, hereditary abnormalities, uterine fibroids in women, ovulation difficulties, early ovarian failure, and cases where ovaries have been surgically removed. 14 The process of IVF entails ovarian stimulation, which encompasses the administration of fertility medications to induce the development of eggs and control the operation of ovulation. 15 Emotional alterations often occur among individuals undergoing in vitro fertilization (IVF), particularly those with a history of mental illness, experienced miscarriage, faced a prolonged period of infertility or received a conclusive medical diagnosis.…”