Endocrine Disruptors and Endometrial Cancer: Molecular Mechanisms of Action and Clinical Implications, a Systematic Review

Abstract

It has been widely demonstrated that endocrine disruptors play a central role in various physiopathological processes of human health. In the literature, various carcinogenic processes have been associated with endocrine disruptors. A review of the molecular mechanisms underlying the interaction between endocrine disruptors and the endometrial cancer has been poorly developed. A systematic review was performed using PubMed®/MEDLINE. A total of 25 in vivo and in vitro works were selected. Numerous endocrine disruptors were analyzed. The most relevant results showed how Bisphenol A (BPA) interacts with the carcinogenesis process on several levels. It has been demonstrated how BPA can interact with hormonal receptors and with different transcription proliferative and antiproliferative factors. Furthermore, the effect of Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons on Aryl hydrocarbon receptors was investigated, and the role of flame retardants in promoting proliferation and metastasis was confirmed. The results obtained demonstrate how the mechanisms of action of endocrine disruptors are manifold in the pathophysiology of endometrial cancer, acting on different levels of the cancerogenesis process.

Toxicological Effects of Naturally Occurring Endocrine Disruptors on Various Human Health Targets: A Rapid Review

“…Endometriosis is a disease in which tissue similar to the lining of the uterus (the endometrium) grows outside of the uterus [ 7 ]. Multiple studies have reported the negative effects of a PE-rich diet on the risk and progression of endometriosis [ 13 , 19 , 20 , 21 , 34 , 41 , 53 , 59 ]; additionally, an epidemiological study reported by Messina et al found that the incidence of endometriosis was higher in Asian women than in Caucasian women, which may be attributed to their soy-rich diet [ 6 ].…”

“…The therapeutic use of many N-EDCs, combined with their toxicological effects (duplex effects), often results in controversial and confusing information. Few clinical or epidemiological results are available from humans, while a slightly higher number of toxicological findings are based on in vitro studies [ 8 , 19 , 20 , 21 ] and rodent [ 15 , 22 , 23 ] models. It is important to note that a substance may be an EDC for one species and not for another [ 16 ].…”

Construction and validation of an IHC-based risk model predicting postoperative disease- free survival and overall survival in Chinese endometrial cancer patients

“…Few studies concentrated on Chinese people and established a native cohort risk model. What's more, the molecular mechanisms underlying the development of EC have not yet been fully characterized and consequently are poorly understood 20 . The clinical heterogeneity of patients with EC probably re ects variation at the molecular level 21 ; thus, the prognostic mechanisms of EC likely vary as well.…”

“…(19) Dehydrate with alcohol and clear with xylene. (20) Use neutral gum for sealing the sections. ( 21) Read the sections.…”

Cervical and Endometrial Cancer Incidence in the Female Population from the Bryansk Region Living in Conditions of Chemical, Radioactive and Combined Environmental Contamination (2000–2020)

“…There are a large number of both exogenous and endogenous risk factors for the occurrence of cancer, which are almost impossible to foresee. According to the literature [ 37 , 38 , 39 , 40 , 41 , 42 , 43 , 44 , 45 ] and WHO [ 46 , 47 ], among the main risk factors for the occurrence of cancer (including cervical and endometrial cancer) are tobacco smoking, alcohol consumption, human papillomaviruses, unbalanced nutrition, physical inactivity, alimentary obesity, hereditary predisposition, chemical (polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, dioxins, pesticides, aflatoxins, arsenic, formaldehyde, nickel, asbestos, cadmium, and many others), physical (ionizing and ultraviolet radiation), and biological (infections caused by viruses, bacteria, or parasites) environmental carcinogens.…”