Endocrine Disruptors and Thyroid Health

Pearce, Elizabeth N.

doi:10.1016/j.eprac.2023.11.002

Cited by 8 publications

(2 citation statements)

References 71 publications

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“…The fetal thyroid gland is underdeveloped during the first half of pregnancy, relying exclusively on maternal thyroid hormones, particularly T4, which crosses the placenta, thus, normal brain development requires a perfect thyroid hormone balance. Moreover, congenital hypothyroidism, or changes in thyroid hormone levels during pregnancy and at birth, can cause permanent neurodevelopmental disorders in infants ( 64 , 66 , 67 ).…”

Section: The Effects Of Endocrine-disrupting Chemicals On Thyroid Fun...mentioning

confidence: 99%

The impact of environmental factors and contaminants on thyroid function and disease from fetal to adult life: current evidence and future directions

Street,

Shulhai,

Petraroli

et al. 2024

Front. Endocrinol.

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The thyroid gland regulates most of the physiological processes. Environmental factors, including climate change, pollution, nutritional changes, and exposure to chemicals, have been recognized to impact thyroid function and health. Thyroid disorders and cancer have increased in the last decade, the latter increasing by 1.1% annually, suggesting that environmental contaminants must play a role. This narrative review explores current knowledge on the relationships among environmental factors and thyroid gland anatomy and function, reporting recent data, mechanisms, and gaps through which environmental factors act. Global warming changes thyroid function, and living in both iodine-poor areas and volcanic regions can represent a threat to thyroid function and can favor cancers because of low iodine intake and exposure to heavy metals and radon. Areas with high nitrate and nitrite concentrations in water and soil also negatively affect thyroid function. Air pollution, particularly particulate matter in outdoor air, can worsen thyroid function and can be carcinogenic. Environmental exposure to endocrine-disrupting chemicals can alter thyroid function in many ways, as some chemicals can mimic and/or disrupt thyroid hormone synthesis, release, and action on target tissues, such as bisphenols, phthalates, perchlorate, and per- and poly-fluoroalkyl substances. When discussing diet and nutrition, there is recent evidence of microbiome-associated changes, and an elevated consumption of animal fat would be associated with an increased production of thyroid autoantibodies. There is some evidence of negative effects of microplastics. Finally, infectious diseases can significantly affect thyroid function; recently, lessons have been learned from the SARS-CoV-2 pandemic. Understanding how environmental factors and contaminants influence thyroid function is crucial for developing preventive strategies and policies to guarantee appropriate development and healthy metabolism in the new generations and for preventing thyroid disease and cancer in adults and the elderly. However, there are many gaps in understanding that warrant further research.

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Section: The Effects Of Endocrine-disrupting Chemicals On Thyroid Fun...mentioning

confidence: 99%

The impact of environmental factors and contaminants on thyroid function and disease from fetal to adult life: current evidence and future directions

Street,

Shulhai,

Petraroli

et al. 2024

Front. Endocrinol.

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

show abstract

“…With this Research Topic, we provide a diversified developmental and evolutionary picture of how thyroid hormones are important in vertebrate development. There is no doubt that further studies are required to fully understand the role of thyroid hormones during development not only in humans but also in many classes of vertebrates in order to better characterize and treat thyroid hormone-associated pathologies or anthropomorphic disruption of thyroid hormone signaling in humans ( 4 ) and ecosystems ( 5 ).…”

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confidence: 99%