Endocrine intervention for transsexuals

Levy, Andy; Crown, Anna; Reid, Russell

doi:10.1046/j.1365-2265.2003.01821.x

Cited by 88 publications

(63 citation statements)

References 105 publications

(103 reference statements)

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“…When E treatment alone is less effective in producing adequate feminization, cyproterone acetate 100 mg/day, spironolactone 100 -200 mg/day or flutamide 750 mg/day are often used together with Es. A synergistic effect of Es on physical and emotional changes has been observed with these combinations (15,16). With regard to bone metabolism and the risk of developing osteoporosis, only two studies have been published, including 10 and 20 male-to-female transsexuals, respectively, with an observation period of more than one year (17,18).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

High dose estrogen treatment increases bone mineral density in male-to-female transsexuals receiving gonadotropin-releasing hormone agonist in the absence of testosterone

Mueller¹,

Dittrich²,

Binder³

et al. 2005

eur j endocrinol

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Objective: To study the effect of estrogen (E) on the male skeleton in the absence of testosterone (T). Design: Retrospective analyses of 40 middle-aged transsexuals treated with subcutaneous injections of gonadotropin-releasing hormone agonist every 4 weeks and oral 17-beta-estradiol-valerat 6 mg/day over two years until reassignment surgery. Methods: The bone mineral density (BMD) in the femoral neck and lumbar spine (L2 -L4) was measured with dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry at the beginning of cross-sex hormone treatment, after 12 and 24 months, and serum T, E, sex hormone-binding globulin (SHBG), calcitonin (CAL), osteocalcin (OSC), and urinary free deoxypyridinoline (DPD) were measured. Results: After 12 months, a significant increase in BMD in the lumbar spine from 1.2 to 1.234 g/cm 2 and after 24 months to 1.274 g/cm 2 was observed. There was a significant increase in BMD in the femoral neck area from 1.068 to 1.109 g/cm 2 after 24 months. There was a significant decrease in serum T levels from 18.65 to 0.57 nmol/l after 12 months, and to 0.62 nmol/l after 24 months, a significant increase in SHBG levels from 50.09 to 125 nmol/l after 12 months, and to 130 nmol/l after 24 months, and a significant increase in serum E levels from 73.42 to 881.6 pmol/l after 12 months, and to 923.62 pmol/l after 24 months of cross-sex hormone treatment. Serum levels of CAL, OSC and urinary DPD were unchanged. Conclusion: We conclude that high dose E treatment is able to increase BMD significantly in the femoral neck and lumbar spine independently of serum T levels in middle-aged men. There is no risk of osteoporosis developing in male-to-female transsexuals receiving GnRHa when there is an adequate E substitution.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

High dose estrogen treatment increases bone mineral density in male-to-female transsexuals receiving gonadotropin-releasing hormone agonist in the absence of testosterone

Mueller¹,

Dittrich²,

Binder³

et al. 2005

eur j endocrinol

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“…However, research that focuses solely on the transgendered population is far less common. The research that is available often examines potential etiological factors contributing to a transgendered experience and the psychological outcomes associated with sex reassignment surgery and hormone replacement therapy (e.g., Brotto, Gehring, Klein, Gorzalka, Thomson, & Knudson, 2005;Haraldsen, Egeland, Haug, Finset, & Opjordsmoen, 2005;Krege, Bex, Lümmen, & Rübben, 2001;Levy, Crown, & Reid, 2003). There is a notable lack of research investigating the specific attitudes toward various manifestations of transgenderism, and the factors that may be contributing to these attitudes.…”

Section: Limitations In Current Researchmentioning

confidence: 99%

Attitudes Toward Transsexual People: Effects of Gender and Appearance

Gerhardstein¹

2009

PsycEXTRA Dataset

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“…There are no evidence-based recommendations for optimal hormonal treatment regimens for transsexuals, but there are a number of expert opinions in the literature (1)(2)(3)(4). As yet, there are no recommendations as to what age cross-sex hormone administration must be continued.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Hormone-related tumors in transsexuals receiving treatment with cross-sex hormones

Mueller

Gooren

2008

European Journal of Endocrinology

115

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Objective: To assess the risk of development of hormone-related tumors in transsexuals receiving treatment with cross-sex hormones. Design: Description of cases of transsexuals who have developed a hormone-related malignancy observed in their own clinic or reported in the literature. Recommendations for early diagnosis and prevention are presented. Methods: Review of the literature in PubMed. Results: In male-to-female transsexuals receiving estrogen administration, lactotroph adenomas, breast cancer, and prostate cancer have been reported. In female-to-male transsexuals receiving treatment with testosterone, a single case of breast carcinoma and several cases of ovarian cancer have been reported. So far endometrial cancer has not been encountered though it remains a potential malignant development. Conclusions: There are so far only a few cases of hormone-related cancer in transsexuals. There may be an underreporting. The probability of a hormone-related tumor increases with the duration of exposure to cross-sex hormones and the aging of the population of transsexuals.

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Endocrine intervention for transsexuals

Cited by 88 publications

References 105 publications

High dose estrogen treatment increases bone mineral density in male-to-female transsexuals receiving gonadotropin-releasing hormone agonist in the absence of testosterone

High dose estrogen treatment increases bone mineral density in male-to-female transsexuals receiving gonadotropin-releasing hormone agonist in the absence of testosterone

Attitudes Toward Transsexual People: Effects of Gender and Appearance

Hormone-related tumors in transsexuals receiving treatment with cross-sex hormones

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