Endocrine System

Fowler, Murray E.; Bravo, P. Walter

doi:10.1002/9781118785706.ch14

Cited by 2 publications

(4 citation statements)

References 14 publications

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“… 12 This observation suggests that despite a lack of RI for alpacas, both malignant and benign lesions could be endocrinologically inactive in SAC, but further endocrinological investigation of thyroid neoplasia in SAC is required to support this hypothesis. 4 , 12 , 15 Assessment of serum thyroid hormone concentrations from normal alpacas from the same herd could have helped interpretation of results by providing control intervals for comparison.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Findings from CBC and Serum biochemistry were unremarkable. Serum thyroxine (T4) concentration was below the reference interval (RI) at 76.3 nmol/L (RI extrapolated from llamas: 90‐283 nmol/L) with a serum thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH) concentration of 0.07 ng/mL (RI unavailable for South American camelids [SAC]) 4 . An US‐guided biopsy of the left lobe was performed, and histopathology was consistent with follicular thyroid adenoma (Figure 1).…”

Section: Case Descriptionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Serum thyroxine (T4) concentration was below the reference interval (RI) at 76.3 nmol/L (RI extrapolated from llamas: 90‐283 nmol/L) with a serum thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH) concentration of 0.07 ng/mL (RI unavailable for South American camelids [SAC]). 4 An US‐guided biopsy of the left lobe was performed, and histopathology was consistent with follicular thyroid adenoma (Figure 1 ). A capsule was not identified in the tissues examined and therefore a well‐differentiated thyroid carcinoma could not be definitely excluded without advanced imaging or complete excisional biopsy that included evaluation of the capsule.…”

Section: Case Descriptionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Bilateral thyroid adenomas in an alpaca

Burbery

Simon

Woolford

et al. 2021

Veterinary Internal Medicne

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A 7‐year‐old neutered male alpaca (Vicugna pacos) was presented for evaluation of a 3‐year history of large, bilateral, firm ventral cervical masses causing esophageal and tracheal impingement. Ultrasound examination, radiographic evaluation, histopathological findings, and magnetic resonance imaging confirmed the masses to be bilateral thyroid adenomas. Conservative medical treatment by unilateral chemical ablation, using 10% formalin by aspiration technique, was performed on the left mass. Chemical ablation proved to be effective in decreasing the size of the mass, with no apparent adverse effects. To our knowledge, this case is the first known report of bilateral thyroid adenomas in an alpaca, a condition previously described in humans, horses, dogs, and cats.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Case Descriptionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Case Descriptionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Bilateral thyroid adenomas in an alpaca

Burbery

Simon

Woolford

et al. 2021

Veterinary Internal Medicne

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“…The anatomy and physiology of the pituitary gland of alpacas has not been extensively studied. It has been described that its anatomy is similar to that of ruminants . Review of published literature suggests that pituitary neoplasia is very rare in ruminants .…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Neurologic Disease Attributed to a Pituitary Adenoma in an Alpaca

Gilsenan¹,

Habecker

Coyne

et al. 2012

Veterinary Internal Medicne

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A 14-year-old 80-kg castrated male Huacaya alpaca was evaluated because of a gradual onset of behavioral changes. The owner had perceived decreased feed intake and abnormal behavior during the 7 days before admission. Decreased feed intake had progressed to complete inappetence by 3 days before admission. The alpaca often was separated from the herd and was not observed to lie down on its own. No improvement was appreciated after treatment with tulathromycin before admission (dosage unknown). The alpaca was known to be vaccinated annually for rabies and clostridial diseases and was dewormed regularly (medications, dosage, and frequency unknown).On examination, the alpaca was obtunded and somnolent. Rectal temperature was normal (38.6°C). Heart rate was increased at 92 beats/min and respiratory rate was normal at 16 breaths/min. The alpaca was in good body condition. Mucous membranes were pink and capillary refill time was normal. Peripheral lymph nodes palpated normally. Appetite and gastrointestinal motility were poor. Urination and defecation were not observed during examination. The alpaca was ambulatory but had a tendency to walk compulsively and press its head and body against walls without directional preferences or circling. Cranial nerve reflexes, including menace response, were present and appeared within normal limits. Gait analysis indicated a slow pace with asymmetric hypermetria in the hindlimbs, with the left being more severely affected than the right. Spinal reflexes were difficult to assess but appeared normal. In sternal recumbency, the alpaca would lower its neck and press its nose against the ground. Initial neurologic evaluation localized disease to the prosencephalon.Clinical laboratory tests evaluated at admission included CBC, serum biochemical analysis (SBA), fibrinogen concentration, and blood ammonia concentration. Marked leukocytosis (37,110 cells/lL; reference range, 7,500-20,900 cells/lL), neutrophilia (33,028 cells/lL; reference range, 3,130-15,254 cells/ lL), and a regenerative left shift (band neutrophils, 371 cells/lL; reference range, 0-169 cells/lL) were observed on CBC. Abnormalities on SBA included hyperglycemia (281 mg/dL; reference range, 120-132 mg/dL), increased creatinine concentration (1.9 mg/dL; reference range, 1.4-1.7 mg/dL), hypophosphatemia (2.5 mg/dL; reference range, 4.9-7.2 mg/dL), hypoalbuminemia (3.3 g/dL; reference range, 3.7-4.2 g/dL), increased aspartate aminotransferase (AST) activity (365 U/L; reference range, 106-165 U/L), increased gamma-glutamyl transferase (GGT) activity (62 U/L; reference range, 5-20 U/L), and increased creatine kinase (CK) activity (2827 U/L; reference limits, 3-145 U/L). Serum fibrinogen concentration was increased (762 mg/dL; reference range, 100-500 mg/dL). Blood ammonia concentration was normal (16 lmol/L; references range, 0-30 lmol/L). An inflammatory or infectious disease process was suspected based on hyperfibrinogenemia and a leukocytosis characterized by neutrophilia with a regenerative left shift. Abnormalities on SBA we...

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Endocrine System

Cited by 2 publications

References 14 publications

Bilateral thyroid adenomas in an alpaca

Bilateral thyroid adenomas in an alpaca

Neurologic Disease Attributed to a Pituitary Adenoma in an Alpaca

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