Endocytosis of influenza viruses

Abstract

Receptor-mediated endocytosis is known to play an important role in the entry of many viruses into host cells. However, the exact internalization mechanism has, until recently, remained poorly understood for many medically important viruses, including influenza. Developments in real-time imaging of single viruses as well as the use of dominant negative mutants to selectively block specific endocytic pathways, have improved our understanding of the influenza infection process.

The influence of particle size and static magnetic fields on the uptake of magnetic nanoparticles into three dimensional cell‐seeded collagen gel cultures

“…10 Endocytosis may be further sub-categorized into either (a) phagocytosis, (b) pinocytosis, or (c) receptor mediated endocytosis, by either clathrin-mediated endocytosis or caveolinmediated endocytosis. 10,11 The particular endocytosis pathway utilized by the cell is dependent upon the surface chemistry, size, charge, and shape of the NP. 10 A current research drive has focused on increasing the cellular uptake of NPs and studies have shown that applying an external magnetic field enhances cellular uptake of mNPs, as well as the ability to target a diseased site.…”

Variable Nanoparticle-Cell Adhesion Strength Regulates Cellular Uptake

“…Inspired by viral invasion of cells [1][2][3], significant efforts have been recently devoted to the design of synthetic nanoparticles (NPs) as drug carriers and/or imaging contrast agents [4][5][6][7]. The NPs are surface coated with ligands (e.g., antibody, peptide, and aptamer) that specifically target surface proteins (receptors) of cancer cells, thereby enhancing therapeutic efficacy and mitigating adverse side effects.…”

Induction of respiratory immune responses in the chicken; implications for development of mucosal avian influenza virus vaccines

“…Following fusion, influenza virus mainly enters the host cell via not only clathrin-dependent mechanisms, but also clathrin-independent and caveolin-independent mechanisms (Lakadamyali et al 2004), with the characteristics of macropinocytosis (de Vries et al 2011). Once internalized, these pathways are all equally efficient for virus fusion (Lakadamyali et al 2004).…”