“…Recently, the reciprocating systems, originally designed for root canal preparation, have also been recommended for the removal of filling materials, as they allow advancing toward the apex. Single-file reciprocating systems are as effective as the conventional, multi-file rotary systems specifically designed for gutta-percha and sealer removal, yet they are faster (9)(10)(11)(12)(13). However, regardless of the technique, irritants such as root-filling materials, dentin chips, irrig-ants, and microorganisms and their byproducts, usually extrude at least to some degree into the periapical tissues (11,(13)(14)(15).…”