Endogenous opioids and reward

Ree, Jan M. van; Niesink, Raymond; Wolfswinkel, Leo van; Ramsey, Nick F.; Kornet, M.; Furth, Wouter R. van; Vanderschuren, Louk J. M. J.; Gerrits, M.A.F.M.; Berg, C.L. van den

doi:10.1016/s0014-2999(00)00544-6

Cited by 150 publications

(90 citation statements)

References 76 publications

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“…Primate studies suggest that the rewarding effects of pleasurable touching and the consequent modulation of anxiety-related behaviors are governed by the endogenous μ-opioid system (27), well known for its role in governing analgesic responses (28) and pleasurable sensations (29). In primates, opioid-receptor antagonists increase the frequency of grooming (27,30) and grooming solicitations (31) irrespective of the dyadic relationship (32).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Topography of social touching depends on emotional bonds between humans

Suvilehto

Glerean

Dunbar

et al. 2015

Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A.

307

251

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Topography of social touching depends on emotional bonds between humans

Suvilehto

Glerean

Dunbar

et al. 2015

Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A.

307

251

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“…Bekoff, 1974) and may be experienced as rewarding (e.g. Van Ree et al, 2000). However, not all of the time spent together was used for social interaction.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The nature and strength of social motivations in young farmed silver fox vixens (Vulpes vulpes)

Hovland

Mason

Kirkden

et al. 2008

Applied Animal Behaviour Science

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To investigate the strength of social motivation and the motives underlying social contact in farmed silver foxes (Vulpes vulpes), we housed six young vixens continuously in a closed economy operant apparatus and measured their 'maximum price paid' when required to perform a task to obtain unrestricted social contact or food (a 'yardstick' resource). In the former trials, vixens of the same-age and origin acted as stimulus animals (N = 6), and both test and stimulus foxes could decide their own visit durations to a shared compartment. Their motives for visiting this 'social compartment' were examined by recording their behaviour during social contact. When access was almost free (a baseline fixed ratio schedule of 1) the test vixens visited the stimulus fox 30.3 AE 4.3 times and spent 45% of the time together per 24 h. The stimulus foxes spent on average 80% per 24 h in the shared compartment and visited this cage 40.7 AE 9.6 times per 24 h. When higher costs were imposed, the test vixens proved willing to pay to access the stimulus vixens and the average maximum price paid for contact was 38.3 AE 8.3% of the price paid for food when hungry. During the time spent together, the stimulus foxes made use of their opportunity to leave the cage, on average 1.43 AE 0.20 times per visit. The behaviour recordings showed that during initial encounters the vixens would fight to establish dominance, and in four of the pairs the test subject emerged as the dominant individual. However, during subsequent interactions, no serious aggression was recorded and social behaviour was characterised by higher levels of sniffing and grooming (23.7 AE 4.3 times/h), play signals (10.5 AE 4.1 times/h) and agonistic displays (5.5 AE 2.5 times/h). Not all of the time together was used for social interaction and during the observation period, the vixens allocated 33.1 AE 6.9% of the time to synchronous resting. We conclude that young silver fox vixens were motivated for social contact, and that this contact was beneficial for welfare due to the low level of aggression and the occurrence of grooming and play. #

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“…active substance-seeking behavior, reinforcement, tolerance, and withdrawal (see, e.g., [52], [119], [122]). In addition to being exceedingly convenient for the purposes of conducting experimental research on addiction, the fact that we share such a complex trait with a relatively distant cousin in the animal kingdom suggests strongly that there is something deeply innate and biological about drug addiction.…”

Section: Opiates and Opioidsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…There are, however, some intriguing clues: opioids have been shown to mediate a number of behaviors in controlled laboratory experiments, including most prominently drug self-administration, intracranial electrical self-stimulation, pain avoidance, sexual activity, feeding, and conditioned place preference. Of these, only the last four are likely to be relevant in natural settings, and two of these (pain avoidance and sexual activity) are generally diminished by opiate administration [118], [119]. This leaves feeding (which is stimulated, in the short-term, by opiates) and place preference (which can be reliably generated by opiate administration), both of which play important-and related-roles in the lives of foraging animals.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

A theory of natural addiction

Smith

Tasnádi

2007

Games and Economic Behavior

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Economic theories of rational addiction aim to describe consumer behavior in the presence of habit-forming goods. We provide a biological foundation for this body of work by formally specifying conditions under which it is optimal to form a habit. We demonstrate the empirical validity of our thesis with an in-depth review and synthesis of the biomedical literature concerning the action of opiates in the mammalian brain and their effects on behavior. Our results lend credence to many of the unconventional behavioral assumptions employed by theories of rational addiction, including adjacent complementarity and the importance of cues, attention, and self-control in determining the behavior of addicts. Our approach suggests, however, that addiction is "harmful" only when the addict fails to implement the optimal solution. We offer evidence for the special case of the opiates that harmful addiction is the manifestation of a mismatch between behavioral algorithms encoded in the human genome and the expanded menu of choices-generated for example, by advances in drug delivery technology-faced by consumers in the modern world.

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Endogenous opioids and reward

Cited by 150 publications

References 76 publications

Topography of social touching depends on emotional bonds between humans

Topography of social touching depends on emotional bonds between humans

The nature and strength of social motivations in young farmed silver fox vixens (Vulpes vulpes)

A theory of natural addiction

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