Endogenous production ofn-3 long-chain PUFA from first feeding and the influence of dietary linoleic acid and theα-linolenic:linoleic ratio in Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar)

Sprague, Matthew; Xu, Gaofeng; Betancor, Mónica B.; Olsen, Rolf Erik; Torrissen, Ole; Glencross, Brett; Tocher, Douglas R.

doi:10.1017/s0007114519001946

Cited by 18 publications

(13 citation statements)

References 81 publications

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“…Sissener et al (14) found a positive correlation between dietary 18 : 2n-6 and FAPV of DHA in Atlantic salmon (dietary DHA at 2•3-2•8 in % of total FA). However, a recent trial feeding Atlantic salmon fry/parr an EPA and DHA-free diet from start feeding found that high dietary 18 : 2n-6 inhibited the biosynthesis of long-chain PUFA (46) . The present experiment did not show any effect of dietary 18 : 2n-6 on DHA FAPV.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Increasing dietary n-6 fatty acids while keeping n-3 fatty acids stable decreases EPA in polar lipids of farmed Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar)

et al. 2020

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There is an increased use of vegetable oils containing n-6 in aquafeeds and several trials indicate that there might be an increased requirement of eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) for Atlantic salmon when they are fed higher dietary n-6 fatty acids (FA). With a limited supply of EPA and DHA for production of aquafeeds, it is important to know how to efficiently use these FA to maintain growth and health of the fish. In the current trial, three diets containing equal amounts of n-3 FA (~7.7 % of total FA) and different n-6/n-3 FA ratios (~1, 2 and 6) as well as one diet with n-6/n-3 FA ratio at ~1 but twice as much n-3 FA, were fed to Atlantic salmon. Despite constant dietary n-3, increasing dietary n-6 led to significantly reduced n-3 in tissue polar lipids. Interestingly, EPA was significantly reduced while DHA was not. Maintaining a stable n-3 content in the polar lipids when increasing dietary n-6 FA, was only obtained by simultaneously increasing the dietary n-3 content and with this maintaining the same n-6/n-3 FA ratio. Polar lipid n-6 FA in tissues thus primarily reflected the dietary n-6/n-3 FA ratio and not the absolute dietary n-6 FA content. Neutral lipids, on the other hand, reflected the dietary absolute levels of both n-3 and n-6 FA. This study indicates that a better use of dietary EPA is achieved by keeping the dietary n-6/n-3 FA ratio low.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Increasing dietary n-6 fatty acids while keeping n-3 fatty acids stable decreases EPA in polar lipids of farmed Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar)

et al. 2020

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“…This was comparable to that of the aqueous enzymatic extracted oil (64.1 g/100 g) and ultrasound-assisted hexane extracted oil (61.9 g/100 g) . It has been reported that after a series of metabolic activities in the body, ALA could finally produce eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) , which are especially beneficial to human health 24) . The common commercial oils contain relatively lower content of ALA, such as soybean oil (5.0-11.0 g/100 g) , rapeseed oil (5.0-13.0 g/100 g) and peanut oil (＜0.3 g/100 g) 25) .…”

Section: Fatty Acid Compositionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Chemical Characterization of Chinese Perilla Seed Oil

Zhao

et al. 2021

J. Oleo Sci.

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IntroductionPerilla (Perilla frutescens L.) is an annual aromatic plant that belongs to the Labiatae family. Perilla is now widely distributed in China, Southeast Asia, Europe and North America 1) . The perilla seed oil has high α -linolenic acid (C18:3, ALA) level of 52.58-61.98 g/100 g oil 2) . It also contains natural antioxidants, including tocopherols, squalene, flavonoids, phytosterols, and so on 3) . With good nutritional properties, perilla seed oil is an important edible oil in many countries 4) . It is widely used in cosmetics, skincare products and medicinal preparations on purpose of anticancer, anti-inflammatory, mental health care, cardiocerebrovascular diseases treatment, and so on 5−7) . Perilla seed oil is now used to make health care drugs, such as capsules and oil drops, in China. Several extraction methods of the perilla oil were investigated, such as solvent extraction, aqueous enzymatic extraction, mechanical pressing and supercritical extraction 8) . Supercritical extraction and aqueous enzymatic extraction methods are costly, and solvent extraction is effective and commonly used. Although the yield of the mechanical pressing was relatively lower than other methods, the loss of active ingredients such as linolenic acid and phytosterols was avoided in the cold pressing process 9) . The triacylglycerols (TAG) composition of the oil have been determined by non-aqueous reversed-phase HPLC method (NARP) , but only five TAGs were detected, including LnLnLn, LnLnL,

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“…In this respect, it seems that all our experimental feeds provided enough EFA for growth of salmon (from diets or biosynthesis pathways) because they had no effects on the SR of fish 12 and also did not show typical deficiency signs of EFA. 6 The fact that proportions of liver lipid classes were not affected by experimental diets (Table S3) could suggest that fish oil elimination, minimizing EPA + DHA, and alteration of LNA/ALA ratio in salmon diets did not have adverse effects on liver lipid classes. This is in agreement with the liver data in Atlantic salmon reported by Katan et al, 13 who used 0.…”

Section: ■ Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Interestingly, the DHA to EPA ratio showed that endogenous production of EPA and DHA was not constant. Sprague et al 6 mentioned that a possible mechanism for the effect of dietary LNA on the ratio of DHA to EPA is that increased LNA would increase competition with ALA for the LC-PUFA pathway (Δ6 FADs) and this could especially affect the production of EPA, but not DHA production because of being produced indirectly from EPA (at least via two pathways; Figure 2). Another reason may be related to higher production and accumulation of EPA (than DHA) in PLs and NLs especially with low dietary levels of EPA + DHA as clearly shown in Figure 3a,b.…”

Section: ■ Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…11 In another study without any dietary level of EPA and DHA, the results also showed that increasing the dietary ratio of LNA to ALA from 0.3 up to 3.0 (1:3, 1:1, and 3:1) reduced the production of n-3 LC-PUFAs and ratios of EPA to ARA and DHA to ARA, with increased n-6 LC-PUFA production in whole body and different tissues of salmon. 6 It seems that the dietary ratio of LNA to ALA, found in high levels in some terrestrial oils used as fish oil replacements and accompanied with dietary EPA + DHA, may alter and control DHA and EPA biosynthesis in fish liver. In this regard, this experiment was conducted to study the effects of two dietary levels of EPA + DHA, as well as the effects of high and low ratios of LNA to ALA on growth performance, lipid class,…”

Section: ■ Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Effects of Varying Dietary Docosahexaenoic, Eicosapentaenoic, Linoleic, and α-Linolenic Acid Levels on Fatty Acid Composition of Phospholipids and Neutral Lipids in the Liver of Atlantic Salmon, Salmo salar

Jalali

Parrish

Caballero‐Solares

et al. 2021

J. Agric. Food Chem.

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Fish oil, the most abundant natural source of docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) and eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA), is a limited resource; however, terrestrial oils are used as an alternative in fish nutrition. The liver of Atlantic salmon is able to synthesize these two long-chain n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (n-3LC-PUFAs) from α-linolenic acid (ALA), but the dietary levels of EPA + DHA and the ratios of linoleic acid (LNA) to ALA may affect its abilities. Feeding Atlantic salmon four experimental diets containing EPA + DHA at 0.3 and 1.0% of dietary levels accompanied with high and low LNA/ALA ratios showed that low LNA/ALA ratios increased the proportions of EPA + DHA in phospholipids (PLs) and neutral lipids (NLs). The pattern of PL-to-NL ratios of n-3 LC-PUFA proportions matched the saw tooth pattern of LNA/ALA ratios in diets. Overall, when fish oil is removed from salmon diets, the dietary LNA/ALA ratio must be reduced to stimulate biosynthesis of n-3 LC-PUFAs in the liver.

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Endogenous production ofn-3 long-chain PUFA from first feeding and the influence of dietary linoleic acid and theα-linolenic:linoleic ratio in Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar)

Cited by 18 publications

References 81 publications

Increasing dietary n-6 fatty acids while keeping n-3 fatty acids stable decreases EPA in polar lipids of farmed Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar)

Increasing dietary n-6 fatty acids while keeping n-3 fatty acids stable decreases EPA in polar lipids of farmed Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar)

Chemical Characterization of Chinese Perilla Seed Oil

Effects of Varying Dietary Docosahexaenoic, Eicosapentaenoic, Linoleic, and α-Linolenic Acid Levels on Fatty Acid Composition of Phospholipids and Neutral Lipids in the Liver of Atlantic Salmon, Salmo salar

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